Raman's Workshop

Chapter 22 Safeguarding the Marginalized Successful Governments have been promising to do away with past social and economic Injustices and to eradicate inequality and discrimination.   They aim to give primary education to all the citizens of India, eradicate poverty and ensure health schemes for all.   But even after more than 20 years, an overwhelming majority of people in India are still backward - socially, economically, educationally and politically.   These victims of Do You Know?   backwardness comprise the present Scheduled Castes (SCS), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Even though, SC / ST / OBCs are generally referred to as Backward Classes, the nature Backward Classes (OBCs).   Many minority and magnitude of their backwardness is not groups also suffer from backwardness.   These the same are the marginalized groups in India.   Marginalisation means the social process of discriminating and isolating an indvidual or a group to a lower ...

Chapter 21. Social Justice. 21 Social Justice and the Marginalized A democratic form of government presupposes a democratic form of society.   The formal framework of democracy is of no value and would indeed be a misfit if there was no social democracy.   Dr.   B.R.   Ambedkar India opted for a sovereign and secular democracy after attaining independence.   The Indian Constitution gave equal rights to every citizen and also recognized the need of safeguarding the interests of those who had suffered at the hands of so - called 'higher castes' or the 'rich'.   The shameful concept of castes was done away.   The policies of the government, laws and other administrative measures aim to uplift the condition of the downtrodden / the marginalized sections of society to achieve the ideal of social justice, as laid down in our Constitution.   You have read in Chapter 16 that the Preamble, the spirit of the Constitution, clearly mentions ... JUSTICE...

Chapter 20 The Union Government: The Judiciary   in the previous two chapters, you have studied about two major organs of the Union Government, i.e.   the Legislature and the Executive.   You have seen that legislature makes laws, whereas it is the responsibility of the executive to enforce them.   In this chapter, we shall study about the third organ of the government, i.e.   the Judiciary.   In a federal government, it is essential to have judiciary, which not only resolves disputes, but is the final interpreter of the Constitution.   Whenever a dispute arises regarding property, violation of our rights, abuse of power, violence, exploitation or any other issue related to our day to day life, the matter can be taken to a court of law to seek justice.   The court gives justice to the aggrieved party.   Therefore, a system of courts under an independent judiciary is the foundation of our democracy, independence of judiciary justice is ...

Chapter 19 The Union Government:  The Executive 15 Every government has three organs.   They are legislature, executive and judiciary.   You have read out the Union Legislature in the previous chapter.   Now, we shall study about the Union Executive.   vecutive is that organization of the government which enforces laws made by the legislature, executes hem and runs the administration of the country, the Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary form of government.   So, there are two ypes of offices - the nominal executive and the real executive.   Since India is a republic, the Head of the Indian State is an elected President.   She / He is vested with all the executive powers.   But hey are all exercised by the Union Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.   Therefore, the real executive is the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, whereas the President is the nominal executive because she / he is bound...

Chapter 18.Learning. The Union Government: The Legislature in a vast country like India with diverse languages, religions, customs, traditions, lifestyles, climat conditions and geographical features, it becomes difficult to have a single unified administrativ set-up.  Therefore, we opted for a federal form of government, where there are various levels of government.  The aim of a federation is to bring unity in diversity by harmonizing the opposing force so as to achieve common national goals.   In a federal structure, there are different levels of government, i.e.  national level, state leve and grassroot level.  At the national level, we have a central government;  at the state level, there ar state governments and at the lowest level, we have rural as well as urban local self - government also called local bodies.  Each of the 29 States in India has a government of its own with a Governo as the Head of the State.  Every State is g...