Raman's Workshop

Chapter 23   Markets Around Us In our day to day life, we require the services of a market.   Commonly, market is a place having shops selling vegetables, clothes, stationery, etc.   In exact term, the market can be defined as a place where buyers and sellers engage in the activity of sale and purchase of goods.   The buyer and seller can meet in a shop or a mall and the buyer can pay for the goods or services through cash or credit card or any other mode.   Types of Markets There are two main types of markets - wholesale markets and retail markets.   A buyer can save a lot of money by buying directly from a wholesale market as the wholesaler buys directly from the producers or the manufacturers.   But they do not sell in small quantities.   They only sell in bulk.   The retailer sells the goods in smaller quantities / numbers but at a higher price, as he / she buys from the wholesaler and adds the cost of transportation, investment of m...

Chapter 22 Unpacking Gender The word 'Gender' refers to the different values, attitudes and behaviors that are attached to the roles of males and females by different social and cultural groups.   For example, women cook and clean, men fix cars and fly aeroplanes!   ROLES OF BOYS AND GIRLS Even as babies, boys and girls are treated differently.   In some communities, boys are always dressed in blue and not in pink as it is nsidered to be a 'feminine' color.   Stereotypical gender roles, like males are tough and females are the weaker sex, originate from roles that are taught during childhood.   By the age of three, children tend to be aware of their gender they are encouraged to prefer the sports, clothing, way of speech, and other aspects of culture usually associated with boys or girls.   Males are told 'boys don't cry' and are given guns and cars as toys and girls are given dolls and playhouses, so that they can play the traditional female home maki...

Chapter 21   Advertising and Democracy LO Every day we see advertisements on the radio, television and newspapers.   Advertisements can be seen everywhere, on the shopping carts in super markets, walls of cinema halls, bus stands, railway stations, airports, hoardings, etc.   Advertising is a powerful medium.   It persuades the customer to purchase a particular product or service by describing its good points, which are mostly exaggerated.   It is a method of mass promotion in which a single message can reach a large number of people.   It spreads its message to the consumers by making use of mass media like television, radio, cinema, magazines, newspapers, Internet, billboards, direct mailing, etc.   A huge amount of money is spent on advertisements to motivate the customers to buy a particular product.   For example, a mother is shown using a particular brand of flour to make chapatties which makes her family smile as they eat them. ...

Chapter 20 Media -  The Mainstay of Democracy the Media refers to various means of communication that help in communicating to a large number of people ame time.   Radio, television, cinema, newspapers, magazines and internet are all means of communication.   Since they help in communicating messages to millions of people at thie same time, they are called mass media.   Today, it is difficult to imagine life without them.   INTERDEPENDENCE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MEDIA We live in fast changing times.   Various developments in the field of communication technology since the end of twentieth century, have left a deep impact on us.   The latest technologies help media to reach out to the masses.   The impact of technology can be seen on the billboards, newspapers, periodicals, CDs, DVDs, television programmes, films, etc.   The print media has changed tremendously.   In earlier times, raised and carved designs of seals were pressed on wet ...

Chapter 19   State Governments 19 India is the seventh largest nation of the world extending over 3.28 million sq.   km.   For the administrative convenience, it has been divided into 29 States and 7 Union Territories.   Each Stare has its own government which is run on the lines of the Central Government.   The Union Territories are administered by the President of India through a lieutenant Governor or the Chief Commissioner both the Central Government and the State Governments are independent in their working the division of powers between the Center and the State is on the basis of three lists, i   the Union List (97 subjects), the State List (66 subjects) and the Concurrent List (47 subjects).   The Central Government is more powerful as it has more power, more resources and more finances, still the State Governments have an independent identity and a very important role to play in the Indian federal system.   The STATE LEGISLATURE in mo...

Chapter 18 Democracy and Equality on 15 August 1947 India became an independent country and ended the foreign domination of nearly 200 years.  There was an urgent need to frame our own constitution (a document that strengthened our newly won freedom. Lays down the framework, political structures and the powers and duties of the government) Hence, a Constitution was framed for free India.  The Preamble, an introduction to the Indian Constitution, starts with the words: KUCHEN CONSTITUTION OF INDI We the people of India, having solemnly teroved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Repoblic and to secure to all its citizens social.cconomic and political  Liberty of thought, opresion, belief faith and worship Equality of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all.  Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation in our Constituent Assembly this twentysixth day of November 1919 do ...