X.History.Chapter7.Print Culture and the Modern World

Raman's Classes
Chapter.7. Print Culture and the Modern World
Day1.Period 1.Page 153-155.
Topic Introduction,Printed items.The First Printed Books.
Term
Calligraphy the art of beautiful and stylized writing.
Edo.एदो.Edo is the ancient name of Tokyo.Edo later to be known as Tokyo.
Ukiyo.उकियो.means to the common people world .It is of pictures of the floating world
Accordion book.एकोर्डियन. is a traditional Chinese book folded and stitched at the side
Persons
Kitagawa Utamaro.कितगावा उतमारो.born in Edo in 1753, was widely known for his contributions to an art form called ukiyo ( pictures of the floating world ') or depiction of ordinary human experiences, especially urban ones.
Manet,माने.
Monet,मोने. and

Van Gogh.वान गोग. were the European artists
Tsutaya Juzaburo.त्सुताया जुज़ाबुरो.was a Japanese publisher
Shunman Kubo.शुनमन कुबो.was a Japanese artist who painted the morning scene

Dates 
594 AD on wards Age of hand printing. Books in China were print by rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks
768-770 AD Import of hand printing technology to Japan from China
868 AD Publication of the Buddhist Diamond Sutra
11^thcnt. Chinese paper reached Europe via the same route
Understanding.Page.153.Print Culture and the Modern World
Introduction Printed Materials are in our daily use
This difficult for us to imagine a world without printed matter. We find evidence of print everywhere around us - in books, journals, newspapers, prints of famous paintings,and also in everyday things like theater programmes, official circulars,calendars,diaries,advertisements,cinema posters at street corners.
We read printed literature,see printed images ,follow the news through newspapers , and track public debates that appear in print.We take for granted this world of print and often forget that there was a time before print.History of print We may not realize that print itself has a history which has , in fact,shaped our contemporary world . What is this history ? When did printed literature begin to circulate? How has it helped create the modern world ? In this chapter we will look at the development of print, from its beginnings in East Asia to its expansion in Europe and in India.We will understand the impact of the spread of technology and consider how social lives and cultures changed with the coming of print.
Earlier Example.Fig 1 – Book making before the age of printing from Akhlaq - i - Nasiri.1595.This is a royal workshop in the16^thcentuary much before the age of printing began in India.The art of writing and illustrating by hand.
Understandings.Page.154.
1.The First Printed Books
The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing.
Printing by rubbing paper From AD 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper. It also invented there  against the inked surface of woodblocks.  As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed,
Accordion book the traditional Chinese 'accordion book was folded and stitched at the side.  Superbly skilled craftsmen could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy, the beauty of calligraphy.
The imperial state in China was, for a very long time, the major producer of printed material.
A huge bureaucratic system  China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations.
Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state.
The number of examination From the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print.
Urban culture bloomed  By the seventeenth century print being diversified, as urban culture bloomed in China, the uses of print diversified.
Print for the use of the traders .It was no longer used just by scholar officials, merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information.
Reading habit rapidly became a leisure activity.  The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays.Rich women began to read, and many women began publishing their poetry and plays. Wives of scholar - officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives.
Western printing introduced in late 19 th century This new reading culture was accompanied by a new technology. Western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported in the late nineteenth century as Western powers established their outposts in China.
Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture, catering to the Western - style schools.From hand printing there was now a gradual shift to mechanical printing,
1.1 Print in Japan 768- 770 AD Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand printing in Japan around 768- 770 AD
Diamond Sutra the oldest Japanese book printed in 868 AD contains six sheets ,woodcut illustration.
And pictures were printed on textiles,playing cards and paper money.
Printing of visual material  led to interesting publishing practices.
In medieval Japan, poets and writers  were regularly published, and books were cheap and abundant.
Edo In the late eighteenth century, in the flourishing urban circles in Edo ( later to be known as Tokyo), illustrated collections of paintings depicted an elegant urban culture, involving artists, courtesans, and house gatherings.
Libraries and bookstores were packed with and - printed material of various types - books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony, flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places.
Box 1.  Kitagawa Utamaro, born in Edo in 1753, was widely known for his contributions to an art form called ukiyo ( pictures of the floating world ') or depiction of ordinary human experiences, especially urban ones.
These prints traveled to contemporary us and Europe and influenced artists like Manet, Monet and Van Gogh.
Publishers like Tsutaya Juzaburo identified subjects and commissioned artists who drew the theme in outline.Then a skilled woodblock carver pasted the drawing on a woodblock and carved a printing block to reproduce the painter's lines.  In the process, the original drawing would be destroyed and only prints would survive,
Fig.  3 – An ukiyo  print by Kitagawa Utamara.
Fig.  4 – A morning scene ukiyo print by Shunman Kubo, late eighteenth century.  A man looks out window at the snowfall  women prepare tea perform other domestic duties.
Home Assignment

a.Reading and understanding
b.Writing of Terms/Dates/Persons.
c.Read the next page.

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Chapter 7 Print Culture and the Modern World
Day 2.Period 2.Page 156-158.
Topic.The Print comes to Europe.

the silk route of China connecting countries

New words

Silk Route - The Silk Route was a network of ancient trade routes which connected Europe with the far east.

Vellum (वेलम ) – A parchment ( चर्मपत्र )  made from skin was used for writing.

Platen ( पलाटेन ) पट्ट - In letterpress printing, platen is a board which is pressed onto the back of the paper to get the impression from the type. At one time it used to be a wooden board; later it was made of steel.

Compositor - The person who composes the text for printing.

Galley ( गैली )- Metal frame in which types are laid and the text composed.

Dates

Marco Polo

1295  Marco Polo a great explorer returned to Italy and brought the knowledge of wood load printing with him from after many years of exploration of China

1430 Johann Gutenberg developed the first known printing press developed at Strasbourg,Germany.

Persons

Marco Polo (1254-1324) An Italian merchant,explorer and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Route between 1271-1295, stayed in China for many years. 

   

Gutenberg

Johann Gutenberg (1395-1468) - A German who developed the first - known printing press in the 1430 s is credited for the print revolution ,at Strasbourg, Germany.
Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up on a large agricultural estate. From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses.
Understanding.Page.156.
2.Print Comes to Europe for centuries, silk and spices from China flowed into Europe through the silk route. In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the same route.  Paper made possible the production of manuscripts, carefully written by scribes.
Marco Polo after visiting Asian countries, then, in 1295 a great explorer,returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China, As China already had the technology of wood block printing.  Marco Polo brought this knowledge back with him. Now Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.
Luxury editions were still handwritten on very expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries which scoffed at  printed books as cheap vulgarities.
Merchants and students in the university towns bought the cheaper printed copies.
As the demand for books increased, booksellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries.  Book fairs were held at different places.Production of handwritten manuscripts was also organized in new ways to meet the expanded demand.Scribes or skilled hand writers were no longer fully employed by wealthy or influential patrons but increasingly by booksellers as well.  More than 50 scribes often worked for one bookseller.
Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business  But the production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever - increasing demand for books. Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business.
Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily.Their circulation therefore remained limited. With the growing demand for books, woodblock printing gradually became more and more popular. By the early fifteenth century, woodblocks were being widely used in Europe to print textiles, playing cards, and religious pictures with simple, brief texts. There was clearly a great need for even quicker and cheaper reproduction of texts.
A breakthrough in new print Strasbourg ,Germany This could only be with the invention of a new print technology.  The breakthrough occurred at Strasbourg, Germany, where Johann Gutenberg developed the first - known printing press in the 1430s.
Understandings.Page.157.
2.1.Gutenberg and the Printing Press - Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up on a large agricultural estate. From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses.  Subsequently, he learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead molds used for making trinkets. Drawing on this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his innovation.
The olive press provided the model for the printing press, and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet.  By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system.
The first book he printed was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them, by the standards of the time this was fast production.
Unplaced traditional writing The new technology did not completely displace the existing art of producing books by hand. In fact, printed books at first closely resembled the written articles in appearance and layout. The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles.
Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns, and illustrations were painted. In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page.
Each purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting school that would do the illustrations. In the hundred years between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe. Printers from Germany travelled to other countries, seeking work and helping start new presses. As the number of printing presses grew, book production boomed. The second half of the fifteenth century saw 20 million copies of printed books flooding the markets in Europe.The number went up in the sixteenth century to about 200 million copies.
This shift from hand printing to mechanical printing led to the print revolution.
Fig.5-A Portrait of Johann Gutenberg. Around 1584.
Fig.6 -Gutenberg Printing Press.
Notice the long handle attached to the screw.  This handle was used to turn the screw and press down the platen over the printing block that was placed on top of a sheet of damp paper.
Gutenberg developed metal types for each of the 26 characters of the Roman alphabet and devised a way of moving them around so as to compose different words of the text. This came to be known as the moveable type printing machine, and it remained the basic print technology over the next 300 years.
Books could now be produced much faster than was possible when each print block was prepared by carving a piece of wood by hand.  The Gutenberg press could print 250 sheets on one side per hour.
Fig.7-Pages of Gutenberg's Bible, the first printed book in Europe, Gutenberg printed about180 copies of which no more than 50 have survived.
Look at these pages of Gutenberg's Bible carefully.
They were not just products of new technology. The text was printed in the new Gutenberg press with metal type, but the borders were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by hand by artists.
No two copies were the same.Every page of each copy was different.Even when two copies look similar a careful comparison will reveal differences.Elites everywhere preferred this lack of uniformity : what they possessed then could be claimed as unique, for no one else owned a copy that was exactly the same.
In the text you will notice the use of color within the letters in various places.This had two functions : it added color to the page and highlighted all the holy words to emphasize their significance. But the color on every page of the text was added by hand. Gutenberg printed the text in black, leaving spaces where the color could be filed in later.
Fig.8-A printer's workshop, sixteenth century.  This picture depicts what a printer's shop looked like in the sixteenth century.  All the activities are going on under one roof.  In the foreground on the right ,compositors are at work, while on the left galleys are being prepared and ink is being applied on the metal types, in the background, the printers are turning the screws of the press, and near them proofreaders are at work.
Right in front is the final product - the double - page printed sheets, stacked in neat piles, waiting to be bound.
Home Assignment

a.Understand the contents.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers.

c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.




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Chapter 7 Print Culture and the Modern World
Day 3.Period 3.Page 159-160.
Topic.The Print Revolution and its Impact.
Terms
New Testament -the second part of Bible that discusses the teachings of Jesus
Ballad.बैलड. ( गाथा गीत ) -A historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited.Along song or poem that tells a story often about love.
Taverns.टैवन. ( शराबख़ाना )  – Places where the people gathered to drink alcohol, to be served food, and to meet friends
Person

   

Martin Luther

Marin Luther (1483 -1546)  a German monk ,theologian and Protestant reformer.

Minerva (the goddess of wisdom)

Mercury (the messenger god, also symbolizing reason).

J.V. Schley .जे.वी.श्ले. was a Dutch draftsman and engraver  painter who painted a picture.

Place

Wittenberg a town in Germany.

Dates

1517-1648 .Protestant Reformation Western Europe Specially in Germany. Founder     Martin Luther aimed to reform the Catholic Church dominated by Rome.

Several anti Catholic Christianity developed out of the movement.

Understandings.Page 159.

3.The Print Revolution and Its Impact

What was the print revolution ? It was not just a development , anew way of producing books ; it transformed the lives of people , changing their relationship to information and knowledge , and with institutions and authorities.

It influenced popular perceptions and opened up new ways of looking at things.

3 .1 Ever Growing Readership A New Reading Public , With the printing press , a new reading public emerged . Printing reduced the cost of books . The time and labour required to produce each book came down , and multiple copies could be produced with greater ease. Books flooded the market , reaching out to an ever - growing readership.

Access to books created a new culture of reading . Earlier , reading was restricted to the elites.

Common people lived in a world of oral culture . They heard sacred texts read out , ballads recited , and folk tales narrated . Knowledge was transferred orally . People collectively heard a story , or saw a performance . As you will see in Chapter 8 , they did not read a book individually and silently . Before the age of print , books were not only expensive but they could not be produced in sufficient numbers . Now books could reach out to wider sections of people . If earlier there was a hearing public , now a reading public came into being.

Illiteracy, Publishing of Ballads ,Folk Tales full of pictures .But the transition was not so simple , Books could be read only by the literate , and the rates of literacy in most European countries were very low till the twentieth century . How , then , could publishers persuade the common people to welcome the printed book ? To do this , they had to keep in mind the wider reach of the printed work : even those who did not read could certainly enjoy listening to books being read out . So printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales , and such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures . These were then sung and recited at gatherings in villages and in taverns in towns.

Oral culture intermingled with reading  Oral culture thus entered print and printed material was orally transmitted . The line that separated the oral and reading cultures became blurred . And the hearing public and reading public became inter mingled.

Understandings.Page 160.

3.2 Religious Debates and the Fear of Print

Print idea of discuss and debate Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas, and introduced a new world of debate and discussion.  Even those who disagreed with established authorities could now print and circulate their ideas.  Through the printed message, they could persuade people to think differently, and move them to action.  This had significance in different spheres of life.

Fear of rebellious and irreligious  thought Not everyone welcomed the printed book, and those who did also had fears about it.  Many were apprehensive of the effects that the easier access to the printed word and the wider circulation of books, could have on people's minds.  It was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread.  If that happened the authority of valuable 'literature would be destroyed.  Expressed by religious authorities and monarchs, as well as many writers and artists, this anxiety was the basis of widespread criticism of the new printed literature that had begun to circulate.

Impact over religion Let us consider the implication of this in a sphere of life in early modern Europe - namely, religion.

In 1517, the religious reformer Marin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticizing many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.  A printed copy of this was posted on a church door in Wittenberg the Church to debate his ideas.  Luther's writings were reproduced in vast numbers and read widely.  This lean within the Church and to the beginning of the Reformation.

Luther's translation of the New Testament sold 5000 copies within a few weeks and a second edition appeared within three months.

Deeply grateful to print, Luther said, ‘Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one.’

Several scholars  think that print brought about a new intellectual  au helped spread the new ideas that led to the Reformation

Fig.9.J.V.Schley, जे.वी.श्ले. L ‘Imprimerie, लाम्प्रीमेरी ( छापाखाना ) 1739.This is one of the many images produced in early modern Europe, celebrating the coming of print.

You can see the printing press descending from heaven, carried by a goddess.

On two sides of the goddess, blessing the machine, are Minerva (the goddess of wisdom) and Mercury (the messenger god, also symbolizing reason).

The women in the foreground are holding plaques with the portraits of six pioneer printers of different countries.

In the middle ground on

Home Assignment

a.Understand the contents.

b.Make the inside Questions/Answers.

c.Learn them.

d.Keep eyes over figures.

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Chapter 7 Print Culture and the Modern World
Day 4. Period 4.Page 161-162.
Topic.The Print and Dissent.The Reading Mania.
Terms
Inquisition इन क्विजिस् न – न्यायिक जाँच A former Roman Catholic court for identifying and punishing heretics
Heretical हेरेटिकल - विधर्मिक Beliefs which do not follow the accepted teachings of the Church.In medieval times, heresy was seen as a threat to the right of the Church to decide on what should be believed and what should not.  Heretical beliefs were severely punished
Satiety सेटाइटी - बहुतायत The state of being fulfilled much beyond the point of satisfaction
Seditious - Action, speech or writing that is seen as opposing the government
Denominations - संप्रदाय Subgroups within a religion
Almanac आलमनैक  - पंचांग An annual publication giving astronomical data, information about the movements of the sun and moon, timing of full tides and eclipses, and much more that was of importance in the everyday life of people
Chapbook चैप बुक - A term used to describe pocket size books that are sold by travelling peddlers called chapmen.  These became popular from the time of the sixteenth – century print revolution
Biliotheque Blue',बिब्लियोथिक in France books which were  low - priced small books printed on poor quality paper, and bound in cheap blue covers
Person
Menocchio ,मेनोकियो a miller in Italy, began to read books that were available in his locality.  He reinterpreted the Message of the Bible and formulated a view of God and
Erasmus इरैस्मस , a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer who criticized the excesses of Catholicism but kept his distance from Luther, expressed a deep anxiety about printing.  He wrote in Adages (1508)

Isaac Newton an English Physicist
James Lackington जेम्स लाकिंग्टन a London publisher,
Understandings.Page.161.
3.3 Print and Dissent
Stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations Print and popular religious literature stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations of faith even among little - educated working able.
Menocchio,मेनोकियो In the sixteenth century, Menocchio,मेनोकियो a miller in Italy, began to read books that were available in his locality. He reinterpreted the Message of the Bible and formulated a view of God and Creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church.
When the Roman Church began its inquiry to repress heretical ideas.
Menocchio मेनोकियो was hauled (हॉलड -घसीटा)  up twice and ultimately executed.
The Roman Church, troubled by such effects of popular readings and questionings of faith, imposed severe controls over publishers and booksellers and began to maintain an index of Prohibited Books from 1558.
Fig.10 - The macabre मैकबर (भयानक) dance.This sixteenth - century print shows how the fear of printing was dramatized in visual representations of the time. 

In this highly - interesting woodcut the coming of print is associated with the end of the world.  The interior of the printer's workshop here is the site of a dance of death. 

Skeletal figures control the printer and his workers, define and dictate what is to be done and what is to be produced
Source A.Fear of the book Erasmus इरैस्मस , a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer who criticized the excesses of Catholicism but kept his distance from Luther, expressed a deep anxiety about printing.  He wrote in Adages (1508):. 

“To what corner of the world do they not fly, these swarms of new books?  It may be that one here and there contributes something worth knowing, but the very multitude of them is hurtful to scholarship, because it creates a glut, and even in good things satiety is most harmful.  .  .  printers fill the world with books, not just trifling things (such as I write, perhaps), but stupid, ignorant, slanderous, scandalous, raving, irreligious and seditious books, and the number of them is such that even the valuable publications lose  their value.
Understandings.Page.162.4 The Reading Mania
The Literacy rates went up Through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries literacy rates went up in most parts of Europe.Churches of different denominations set up schools in villages,carrying literacy to peasants and artisans. 

By the end of the eighteenth century, in some parts of Europe literacy rates were as high as 60 to 80 per cent.As literacy and schools spread in European countries, there was a virtual reading mania.  People wanted books to read and printers produced books in ever increasing numbers
New forms of popular literature appeared in print, targeting new audiences.  Booksellers employed peddlers who roamed around villages, carrying little books for sale. 

There were almanacs or ritual calendars, along with ballads and folktales. 

Bur other forms of reading matter, largely for entertainment, began to reach ordinary readers as well.  In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty peddlers |  known as chap men, and sold for a penny, so that even the poor could buy them.
'Biliotheque Blue' बिब्लियोथिक In France, were the 'Biliotheque Blue', बिब्लियोथिक which were low - priced small books printed on poor quality paper, and bound in cheap blue covers.Then there were the romances.printed on four to six pages, and the more substantial histories' which were stories about the past.  Books were of various sizes, serving many different purposes and interests.
The periodical press developed from the early eighteenth century ,.  combining information about current affairs with entertainment.  Newspapers and journals carried information about wars and trade, as well as news of developments in other places

The ideas of scientists and philosophers similarly, now became more accessible to the common people.  
Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, and maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed.
When scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries, they could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers.  
The writings of thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were also widely printed and read.  Thus their ideas about science, reason and rationality found their way into popular literature.
Box 2 In 1791, a London publisher, James Lackington wrote in his diary.
"The sale of books in general has increased prodigiously प्रेडिजियस्ली (अनोखे ढंग से)within the last twenty years.The poorer sort of farmers and even the poor country people in general who before that period spent their winter evenings in related stories of witches,ghosts,hobgoblins होब्गॉब्लिन (डरावना )...now shorten the winter night by hearing their sons and daughters read them tales, romances, etc.If John goes to town with a load of hay, he is charged to be sure not to forget to bring home Peregrine (पेरेग्रिन ) Pickle's Adventure and ....when Dolly is sent to sell her eggs, she is commissioned to purchase The History of Joseph Andrews.
Home Assignment
a.Understand the contents.

b.Make the inside Questions/Answers.

c.Learn them.

d.Keep eyes over figures.

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Chapter7.Print Culture and the Modern World
Day5.Period 5.Page 163-164.
Topic.Tremble therefore,tyrants of the world.
Terms
Caricature a picture or a description of somebody that makes his/her appearance or behaviour funnier and more extreme than really is.
Person
Louise - Sebastien Mercier,मर्सिए  a novelist in eighteenth - century France,
Thomas Paine,an English political activist.
Voltaire a French writer,advocacy of freedom of speech.
Jean Jacques Rousseau a Genevian.The Social Contract'
Montesquieu A French writer of 'The Sprit of Laws '
John Locke English.Father of liberalism.
Robert Darnton रोवर्ट डारटन ,The Forbidden Best Sellers of Pre - Revolutionary France, 1995.
Undestanding.Page.163.
4.1Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world '
Books for Enlightnment  By the mid - eighteenth century, there was a common conviction that books were : a means of spreading progress and enlightenment.Many believed that books could change the world, liberate society from despotism and tyranny, and herald a time when reason and intellect would rule.
Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a novelist in eighteenth - century France, declared:
‘The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.
In many of Mercier's novels, the heroes are transformed by acts of reading.They devour books, are lost in the world books create, and become enlightened in the process.
Convinced of the power of print in bringing enlightenment and destroying the basis  of despotism, Mercier proclaimed ‘ Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world Tremble before the virtual writer!
4.2 Print Culture and the French Revolution Many historians have argued that print culture created the conditions within which the French Revolution occurred.Can we make such a connection? 

French Philosophers ; Rousseaue, Montesqueiue,Locke and Voltaire

Three types of arguments have been usually put forward.

First print popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers collectively, their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition,superstition and despotism.

They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and demanded that everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality.

They attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state, thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition.

The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely;and those who read these books saw the world through new eyes, eyes that were questioning,critical and rational.

Second print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason, and recognized the need to question existing ideas and beliefs.  Within this public culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being,

Third by the 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticized their morality.  In the process, it raised the questions about the existing social

order.
Source B This is how Mercier मर्सिए describes the impact of the printed word, and the power of reading in one of his books.
‘Anyone who had seen me reading would have compared me to a man dying of thirst who was gulping down some fresh, pure water ....Lighting my lamp with extraordinary caution, I threw myself hungrily into the reading.  An easy eloquence, effortless and animated, carried me from one page to the next without my noticing it.A clock struck off the hours in the silence of the shadows, and I heard nothing.My lamp began to run out of oil and produced only a pale light, but still I read on.  I could not even take out time to raise the wick for fear of interrupting my pleasure.How those new ideas rushed into my brain! How my intelligence adopted them!.Quoted by Robert Darnton रोवर्ट डारटन ,The Forbidden Best Sellers of Pre - Revolutionary France, 1995.
Understandings.Page.164.
Cartoons and caricatures typically suggested that the monarchy remained absorbed only in sensual pleasures while the common people suffered immense hardships.This literature circulated underground and led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the monarchy.
How do we look at these arguments? There can be no doubt that print helps the spread of ideas Bur we must remember that people did not read just one kind of literature. 

If they read the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau,they were also exposed to monarchical and church propaganda.
Interpreted things their own way. They were not influenced directly by everything they read or saw. They accepted some ideas and rejected others.They interpreted things their own way.  Print did not directly shape their minds, but it did open up the possibility of thinking differently

Understandings.Page.164.

Fig.11 - The nobility and the common people before the French Revolution ,a cartoon of the late eighteenth century.
The cartoon shows how the ordinary people - peasants, artisans and workers – had a hard time while the nobility enjoyed life and oppressed them.Circulation of cartoons like this one had an impact on the thinking of people before the revolution.

Home Assignment

a.Understand the contents.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.

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Chapter7.Print Culture and the Modern World
Day6.Period 6.Page165-166.
Topic.The Nineteenth Century.
Terms
Penny It is usually the smallest denomination within a currency system
Offset Printing is a commonly used printing technique in which the inked image is transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket,then to the printing surface.
Penny Magazines- was an illustrated British Magazine aimed at the working class.
Shilling Series - is a term referred to the selling of popular work on cheap rates during the 1920s.1920s.a period  of 10 years.As 1920s mean decade from 1920 to 1929.
Dates
1930s, The Great Depression.
Persons

Jane Austin ,George Eliot,Maxim Gorky

Thomas Wood a British author of thriller novels.The Hunter.

Jane Austen was an English novelist known for her six major novels.

George Eliot Mary Evans an English novelist,journalist of Victorian era.
Maxim Gorky was a Russian writer.The Mother.
Richard M.Hoe By the mid-nineteenth century,Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the power-driven cylindrical press.This was capable of printing 8,000 sheets per hour.
Understanding.Page.165. 

5.The Nineteenth Century
The nineteenth century saw vast leaps in mass literacy in Euro bringing in large numbers of new readers among children,women and workers.

5.1 Children,Women and Workers
As primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century, children became an important category of readers.Production of school textbooks became critical for the publishing industry.
A children's press, devoted literature for children alone, was set up in France in 1857.This press published new works as well as old fairy tales and folk tales.
The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from peasants.What they collected was edited before the stories were published in a collection in 1812.
Anything that was considered unsuitable for children or would appear vulgar to the elites, was not included in the published version.Rural folk tales thus acquired a new form.  In this way, print recorded old tales but also changed them.
Women became important as readers as well as writers.Penny magazines (see Fig.12)

Figure 12

were especially meant for women as were manuals teaching proper behavior and housekeeping.
When novels began to be written in the nineteenth century, women were seen as important readers.Some of the best known novelists were women: Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot. Their writings became important in defining type of woman: a person with will, strength of personality, determination and the power to think.
Lending libraries had been in existence from the seventeenth onwards.In the nineteenth century, lending libraries in England became instruments for educating white collar workers, artisans, and lower - middle - class people.        Sometimes, self-educated working class people wrote for themselves. After the working day was  gradually shortened from the mid - nineteenth century, workers had  some time for self - improvement and self - expression.They wrote political tracts and autobiographies in large numbers.

 Box 3 Thomas Wood, a Yorkshire mechanic, narrated how he would rent old newspapers and read them by firelight in the evenings as he could not afford candles.Autobiographies of poor people narrated their struggles to read against grim obstacles: the twentieth - century Russian revolutionary author Maxim Gorky's My Childhood and My University provide glimpses of such struggles.
5.2 Further Innovations

by the late eighteenth century, the press came to be made out of metal.Through the nineteenth century, there were a series of further innovations in printing technology.
Innovation by Richard M Hoe By the mid - nineteenth century, Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the power-driven cylindrical press.This was capable of printing 8,000 sheets per hour.This press was particularly useful for printing newspapers.
Offset Printing In the late nineteenth century, the offset press was developed which could print up to six colors at a time. From the turn of the twentieth century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing operations.A series of other developments followed.Methods of feeding paper improved, the quality of plates became better, automatic paper improved reels and photoelectric controls of the color register were introduced.The accumulation of several individual mechanical improvements transformed the appearance of printed texts.
Serializing important novels Printers and publishers continuously developed new strategies sell their product.Nineteenth - century periodicals serialized important novels, which gave birth to a particular way of writing novels.
Shilling Series In the 1920s in England, popular works were sold in cheap series,called the Shilling Series.The dust cover or the book jacket is also a twentieth - century innovation. With the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s,publishers feared a decline in book purchases.To sustain buying, they brought out cheap paperback editions. 

Home Assignmenta.Understand the contents.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers.

c.Learn them.d.Keep eyes over figures.

--------------------------------------
Home Assignment
a.Understand the contents.

b.Make the inside Questions/Answers.c.Learn them.d.Keep eyesoverfigures.
Chapter7.Print Culture and the Modern World.
Day7.Period 7.Page167-168.
Topic.India and the World of Print 

Rigveda Manuscript

Terms
Manuscripts - hand written records are called manuscripts.
Diwan - Hafiz a 14th century poet collected works known as diwan.
Dates
16th Century Mid The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid - sixteenth century.Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts.
1579 -Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin
1713 -1713 the first Malayalam book was printed by them.
Persons

Rammohun Roy,Hastings,James Hickey

Gangadhar Bhattacharya the founder of Bengal Gazette.

Rammohun Roy (1772 -1833) A social reformer and the founder of Brahmo Samaj.

Warren Hastings (1774 - 1785) Defacto first Governor General of India.

James Augustus Hickey an Irish who launched the first printed newspaper in India.

Hafiz was a 14th century poet whose collected works are known as Diwan.

Understanding.Page.167.

6 India and the World of Print 

Let us see when printing began in India and how ideas and information age of print were written before the age of print.
6.1 Manuscripts before the Age of Print 

India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts - in Sanskrit, Arabic  , Persian,as well as in various vernacular languages.Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper.Pages were sometimes beautifully illustrated.They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation.
Manuscripts continued to be produced till well after the introduction of print down to the late nineteenth century.

Geet Govind on Palm Leaf

Manuscripts, however, were highly expensive and fragile.They had to be handled carefully, and they could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles.So manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life.Even though pre - colonial Bengal had developed an extensive network of village primary schools,students very often did not read texts.They only learnt to write .Teachers dictated portions of texts from memory and students wrote them down.Many thus became literate without ever actually reading any kinds of texts.

Fig.16-Pages from the Rigveda.Handwritten manuscripts continued to be produced in India till much after the coming of print.This manuscript was produced in the 18th century in the Malayalam script.

6.2 Print Comes to India The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid - sixteenth century.Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts.

By 1674,about 50 books had been printed in the Konkani and in Kanara languages . Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin,and in 1713 the first Malayalam book was printed by them.

By 1710,Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts,many of them translations of older works.

The English language press did not grow in India till quite late even though the English East India Company began to import presses from the late seventeenth century. 

From 1780,James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette,a weekly magazine that described itself as a commercial paper open to all,but influenced by none'.So it was private English enterprise,proud of its independence from colonial influence,that began English printing in India .

  

Hickey's Bengal Gazette

Hickey published a lot of advertisements,including those that related to the import and sale of slaves . But he also published a lot of gossip about the Company's senior officials in India . Enraged by this,Governor - General Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey, and encouraged the publication of officially sanctioned newspapers that could counter the flow of information that damaged the image of the colonial government . By the close of the eighteenth century , a number of newspapers and journals appeared in print . There were Indians , too , who began to publish Indian newspapers.The first to appear was the weekly Bengal Gazette , brought out by Gangadhar Bhattacharya , who was close to Rammohun Roy.

Source C As late as 1768, a William Bolts affixed a notice on a public building in Calcutta: 'To the Public: Mr.  Bolts takes this method of informing the public that the want of a printing press in this city being of a great disadvantage in business ... he is going to give the best encouragement to any individuals who are versed in the business of printing.'

Bolts, however, left for England soon after and nothing came of the promise.

Home Assignment

a.Understand the contents by reading.

b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.

c.Learn them.

d.Keep eyes over figures.

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Chapter7.Print Culture and the Modern World
Day8.Period 8.Page169-170.
Topic.Religious Reform and Public Debates.
Vocabs
Idolatry (आई डोले ट्री) मूर्ति पूजा 
Proliferation,(प्रोलीफेरशन),प्रसार
Tracts, (ट्रैक्टस),इलाकों
Immiscible,(इमिसबल),अमिश्रणीय
Monotheism एक ईश्वर में विश्वास 
Immolation (इम्मोलेशन ),बलि
Antiquities (एंटिक्विटी ),प्राचीनता
Diffusion बिखराव
Terms 
Ulema  a legal scholar of Islam and sharia
Sharia Islamic Laws
Fatwa  A legal pronouncement on Islamic laws usually given by a Mufti to clarify issues

on which the law is uncertain.

Lithography Lithography is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water.The printing is from a stone or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by German.

Dates

1821 Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi

1822 Two Persian newspapers were published, Jam-i -Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar. 

1822   A Gujarati newspaper, the Bombay Samachar.

1890s The Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published numerous religious texts in vernaculars.

Persons

Raja Rammohun Roy

Tulsi Das (1511 - 1623 ) Tulsidas, also known as Goswami Tulsidas, was a Gujjar Moolnivasi saint and poet,renowned for his devotion to the deity Rama.Works Ramcharitmanas,Kavitavali,Geetavali

Understanding.Page.169. 

7.Religious Reform and Public Debates

Debated religious issues From the early nineteenth century, as you know, there were intense debates around religious issues.Different groups confronted the changes happening within colonial society in different ways, and offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions.

Some criticized existing practices and campaigned for reform,while others countered the arguments of reformers.These debates were carried out in public and in print.

New ideas through the opinions Printed tracts and newspapers not only spread the new ideas, but they shaped the nature of the debate. A wider public could now participate in these public discussions and express their views.New ideas emerged through these clashes of opinions.

Controversies between reformers and orthodox This was a time of intense controversies between social and religious reformers and the Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation (इम्मोलेशन बलि),monotheism(एक ईश्वर में विश्वास ),Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry आई डोले ट्री (मूर्ति पूजा ).

Role of press in proliferation of thoughts In Bengal, as the debate developed, tracts,ट्रैक्टस (इलाकों)and newspapers proliferated, प्रोलीफेरशन (प्रसार) circulating a variety of arguments.To reach a wider audience, the ideas were printed in the everyday, spoken language of ordinary people.

Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi from 1821 and

the Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinions.

From 1822,two Persian newspapers were published,Jam-i -Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar.

In the same year,a Gujarati newspaper, the Bombay Samachar, made its appearance.

In north India, the ulama were deeply anxious about the collapse of Muslim dynasties.  They feared that colonial rulers would encourage conversion, change the Muslim personal laws.To counter this, they used cheap lithographic presses, published Persian and Urdu translations of holy scriptures, and printed religious and tracts.

The Deoband Seminary, founded in 1867,newspapers published thousands upon thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives, and explaining the meaning  of  Islamic doctrines.

All through the nineteenth century, a number of Muslim sects सेक्ट्स (संप्रदाय )and seminaries appeared, each with a different interpretation of faith, each keen on enlarging its following and countering the influence of its opponents.Urdu print helped them conduct these battles in public.

Among Hindus,too,print encouraged the reading of religious texts,vernauler languages.

Understandings.Page.170.

The first printed edition of.The Ramcaritmanas of Tulsadas,a sixteenth - century text, came out from Calcutta in 1810. By the mid - nineteenth century, cheap lithographic editions flooded north Indian markets.

From the 1890s, the Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published numerous religious texts in vernaculars.In their printed and portable form, these could be read easily by the faithful at any place and time.They could also be read out to large groups of illiterate men and women.

Religious texts, therefore, reached a very wide circle of people, encouraging discussions, debates and controversies within and among different religions.

Print did not only stimulate the publication of conflicting opinions among communities, but it also connected communities and people in different parts of India.Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating pan - Indian identities.

Source D

Why Newspapers?

'Krishnaji Trimbuck Ranade' resident of Poona intends (इरादा रखना )to publish a newspaper in the Marathi language with a view of affording useful information on every topic of local interest.

It will be open for free discussion on subjects of general utility, scientific investigation and the speculations connected with The antiquities (एंटिक्विटी,प्राचीनता),statistics,curiosities, history and geography of the country and of the Deccan especially ... the patronage and support of all interested in the diffusion (बिखराव) of knowledge and welfare of the people is earnestly solicited.

Bombay Telegraph and Courier, 6 January 1849.

‘The task of the native newspapers and political associations is identical to the role of the Opposition in the House of Commons in Parliament in England.That is of critically examining government policy to suggest improvements, by removing those parts that will not be to the benefit of the people, and also by ensuring speedy implementation.

These associations ought to carefully study the particular issues, gather diverse relevant information on the nation as well as on what are the possible and desirable improvements, and this will surely earn it considerable influence.’ 

Native Opinion,3 April 1870.
Home Assignment

a.Understand the contents by reading.

b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.

c.Learn them.

d.Keep eyes over figures.

-------------------------------------------------------

Chapter7.Print Culture and the Modern World
Day9.Period 9.Page171-172.
Topic.New Forms of Publication.
Vocabs 
Realism यथार्थवाद
Authoritative (आथॉरिटे टिव )आधिकारिक
Distinctive विशेष 
Caricatures कार्टून 
Innumerable असंख्य
Terms
Novel a fictitious prose narrative of book length,typically representing character and action with some degree of realism.
Autobiography the story of a person's life written by that person.
Feminist  A person who supports feminism.
Date
1876 Publication of Amar Jeevan by Rashsundari Devi
Persons

  

Ravi Varma,Rokeya,Rashsundari

Raja Ravi Varma (1848 -1906.) A great Indian Painter. Works Shakuntala
Rashsundari Debi (1810-1899 ).A Bengali writer.Autobiography.
Kailashbashini Debi a  Begali writer.
Tarabai Shinde  (1850–1910) was a feminist activist who protested patriarchy and caste in 19th century India.She is known for her published work,Stripurush Tulana ("A Comparison Between Women and Men"), originally published in Marathi in 1882.
Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati (23 April 1858 – 5 April 1922) was an Indian social reformer, a pioneer in the education and emancipation of women in India.
Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein (-1932) commonly known as Begum Rokeya, was a Bengali feminist thinker,educationist.
Understanding.Page.171.
8.New Forms of Publication
Printing created an appetite for new kinds of writing as more and more people could now read, they wanted to see their own lives, experiences, emotions and relationships reflected in what they read.
Novel The novel, a literary firm which had developed in Europe, ideally catered to this need.It soon acquired distinctively Indian forms and styles.
For readers,it opened up new worlds of experience,and gave a vivid sense of the diversity of human lives.
Lyrics,Short Stories,Essays  Other new literary forms also entered the world of reading - lyrics, short stories, essays about social and political matters.In different ways, they reinforced the new emphasis on human lives and intimate feelings, about the political and social rules that shaped such things
Visual Images By the end of the nineteenth century, a new visual culture was taking shape.With the setting up of an increasing number of printing presses,visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies.
Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass circulation.Poor wood engravers who made woodblocks set up shop near the letter presses,and were employed by print shops.
Prints and Calendars Cheap prints and calendars,easily available in the bazaar, could be bought even by the poor to decorate the walls of their homes or places of work.These prints began shaping popular ideas about modernity and tradition,religion and politics, and society and culture.
Cartoons and Caricatures By the 1870s,caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and newspapers,commenting on social and political issues. Some caricatures ridiculed the educated Indians' fascination with Western tastes and clothes, while others expressed the fear of social change.  There were imperial caricatures lampooning nationalists, as well as nationalist cartoons criticizing imperial rule. 

Understandings.Page.171.  

Fig .17

Fig.17 - Raja Ritudhwaj rescuing Princess Madalsa मदलसा from the captivity of demons, print by Ravi Varma.  Raja Ravi Varma produced innumerable असंख्य  mythological paintings that were printed at the Ravi Varma Press.

Understandings.Page.172.

8.1 Women and Print

Lives and feelings of women began to be written in particularly vivid and intense ways.

Reading in Women Women's reading, therefore, increased enormously in middle - class homes. Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at home, and sent them to schools when women's schools were set up in the cities and towns after the mid - nineteenth century.

Journals written by Women Many journals began carrying writings by women, and explained why women should be educated.They also carried a syllabus and attached suitable reading matter which could be used for home - based schooling,

Conservative Hindus But not all families were liberal.Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.

Conservative Muslims Sometimes, rebel women defied such prohibition.We know the story of a girl in a conservative Muslim family of north India who secretly learnt to read and write in Urdu.

Her family wanted her to read only the Arabic Quran which she did not understand.So she insisted on learning to read a language that was her own.In East Bengal, in the early nineteenth century.

Women Writers.

Rashsundari Debi, a young married girl in a very orthodox household, learnt to read in the secrecy of her kitchen.Later,she wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban which was published in 1876.It was the first full - length autobiography published in the Bengali language.

Since social reforms and novels had already created a great interest in women's lives and emotions, there was also an interest in what women would have to say about their own lives.

Kailashbashini Debi  From the 1860s, a few Bengali women like Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women - about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labor and treated unjustly by the very people they served.  

Ramabai,Tarabai

Tarabai Pandita Ramabai  In the 1880s,in present - day Maharashtra, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote with passionate anger about the miserable lives of upper - caste Hindu women, especially widows.

A woman in a Tamil novel expressed what reading meant to women who were so greatly confined by social regulations: For various reasons, my world is small ... More than half my life's happiness has come from books While Urdu,Tamil, Bengali and Marathi print culture had developed early, 

Hindi printing began seriously only from the 1870s.Soon, a large segment of it was devoted to the education of women.
Fig.18 -The cover page of Indian Charivari.The Indian Charivari (शारिवारी) was one of the many journals of caricature and satire published

in the late nineteenth century. Notice that the imperial British figure is reached right at the center.He is authoritative and imperial;telling the natives what is to be done.The natives sit on either side of him, servile and submissive.The Indians are being shown a copy of Punch.
the British journal of cartoons and satire.You can almost hear the British master say * This is the model, produce Indian versions of it.
Source E In 1926, Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein,a noted educationist and literary figure, strongly condemned men for withholding education from women in the name of religion as she addressed the Bengal Women's Education Conference:
'The opponents of female education say that  Women will become unruly Fie! They call themselves Muslims and yet go against the basic tenet of Islam which gives women an equal right to education. If men are not led astray once educated, why should women?

Home Assignment

a.Understand the contents by reading.

b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.

c.Learn them.

d.Keep eyes over figures.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter.7.Print Culture and the Modern World

Day10.Period 10.Page 173-174.
Topic.Women and Print.

Vocabs
Pedlar (पेडलर) फेरी वाला
Provoke (प्रोवोक) उकसाना 
Terms
Dates
Persons
Rowlatt (1862-1945) Sir Sidney Arthur Taylor Rowlatt was an English lawyer and judge,  best remembered for his controversial presidency of the Rowlatt Committee,a sedition committee appointed in 1918 by the British Indian Government to evaluate the links between political terrorism in India
Jyotiba Phule (1827-1890) Jyotirao Govindrao  Phule was an Indian social activist,thinker, anti-caste social reformer and writer from Maharashtra. His work extended to many fields, including eradication of untouchability and the caste system, and women's emancipation.

Jyotiba,B.R.Ambedkar

B.R.Ambedkar (1891-1956) Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, also known as Babasaheb Ambedkar, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement and campaigned against social discrimination towards the untouchables

E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (1879-1973) ErodeVenkatappa Ramasamy,commonly known as Periyar, also referred to as Thanthai Periyar, was an Indian social activist and politician who started the Self-Respect Movement.He is known as the 'Father of the Dravidian Movement'

Ramaswamy 

Ram Chaddha Ram Chaddha published the fast -selling Istri Dharm Vichar to teach women how to be obedient wives,
Understanding.Page 173.
8.1 The early twentieth century, journals, written for and sometimes edited by women, became extremely popular.They discussed issues like women's education, widowhood, widow remarriage and the national movement.
Some of them offered household and fashion lessons to women and brought entertainment through short stories and serialized novels.
Punjab In Punjab, too, a similar folk literature was widely printed from the early twentieth century.  Ram Chaddha published the fast -selling Istri Dharm Vichar to teach women how to be obedient wives.
The Khalsa Tract Society published cheap booklets with a similar message.Many of these were in the form of dialogues about the qualities of a good woman.
Bengal In Bengal, an entire area in central Calcutta - the Battala - was devoted to the printing of popular books.Here you could buy cheap editions of religious tracts and scriptures, as well as literature that was considered obscene and scandalous.By the late nineteenth century, a lot of these books were being profusely illustrated with woodcuts and colored lithographs.Pedlars took the Battala publications to homes, enabling women to read them in their leisure time.

Fig 19

Fig.19 - Ghor Kali घोर कलि महाप्रलय  (The End of the World), colored woodcut, late nineteenth century.The artist's vision of the destruction of proper family relations.Here the husband is totally dominated by his wife who is perched on his shoulder.He is cruel towards his mother,dragging her like an animal, by the noose.

Fig.20 - An Indian couple, black and white woodcut.The image shows the artist's fear that the cultural impact of the West has turned the family upside down.Notice that the man is playing the veena while the woman is smoking a hookah.The move towards women's education in the late nineteenth century created anxiety about the breakdown of traditional family roles.

 8.2 Print and the Poor People

Fig 20

Very cheap small books were brought to markets in nineteenth - century Madras towns and sold at crossroads, allowing poor people travelling to markets to buy them.  Public libraries were set up from the early twentieth century, expanding the access to books.These libraries were located mostly in cities and towns,and at times in prosperous villages.For rich local patrons,setting up a library was a way of acquiring prestige. 
Reformers From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays.
Jyotiba Phule,the Maratha pioneer of 'low caste' protest movements, wrote about the incident of the caste system in his Gulamgiri (1871).
B.R.Ambedkar In the twentieth century,in Maharashtra and 
E.V.  Ramaswamy Naicker in Madras, better known as Periyar, wrote powerfully on caste and his writings were read by people all over India.Local protest movements and sects also created a lot of popular journals and tracts criticizing ancient scriptures and envisioning a new and just future.
Mill Workers  Workers in factories were too overworked and lacked the education to write much about their experiences.But Kashibaba, a Kanpur millworker, wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 to show the links between caste and class exploitation.
Kanpur The poems of another Kanpur millworker,who wrote under the name of Sudarshan Chakr between 1935 and 1955,were brought together and published in a collection called Sacchi Kavitayan
Bangalore By the 1930s,Bangalore cotton mill workers set up libraries to educate themselves, following the example of Bombay workers.These were sponsored by social reformers who tried to restrict excessive drinking among them, to bring literacy and, sometimes, to propagate the message of nationalism.

Fig 21

Fig.21-A European couple sitting on chairs, nineteenth - century woodcut.The picture suggests traditional family roles.The Sahib holds a liquor bottle in his hand while the Memsahib plays the violin. 

Activity Look at Figs.19,20 and 21 carefully. 

What comment are the artists making on the social changes taking place in society?
What changes in society were taking place to provoke this reaction?
Do you agree with the artist's view?
Home Assignment

a.Understand the contents by reading.

b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.

c.Learn them.

d.Keep eyes over figures.

-------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter7.Print Culture and the Modern World

Day11.Period 11.Page175.

Topic.Print and censorship.
Vocabs
Terms
Dates
1820s The Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom 
1857  The Revolt of 1857.
1878  The Vernacular Press Act.
1907  When Punjab revolutionaries were deported.
1908  Tilak's imprisonment 
1918   Rowlatt Committee, a sedition committee appointed in 
1942  Quit India Movement

 Persons

 Balgangadhar Tilak (1856-1920) Bal Gangadhar Tilak, born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak,

was an Indian nationalist, teacher, and an independence activist.He was one third of the Lal Bal Pal triumvirate and Kesari writer.

Tilak was the first leader of the Indian Independence Movement. The British colonial authorities called him 'The father of the Indian unrest '.

William Bentinck (1774-1839) William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck,known as Lord William Bentinck, was a British soldier and statesman.
He served as Governor of India  from 1828 to 1835. He has been credited for significant social and educational reforms in India including abolishing sati suppressing female infanticide and human sacrifice.
Thomas Macaulay (1800-1859) Thomas Babington Macaulay, was a British historian and Whig politician.He wrote extensively as an essayist, on contemporary and historical sociopolitical subjects,and as a reviewer.
Rowlatt Sidney (1862-1945) Sir Sidney Arthur Taylor Rowlatt, was an English lawyer and  judge, best remembered for his controversial presidency of the Rowlatt Committee, a sedition committee appointed in 1918 by the British Indian Government to evaluate the links between political terrorism in India

William Bentiq

9.Print and Censorship in India.
Before 1798, the colonial state under the East India Company was not too concerned with censorship.
Strangely, its early measures to control printed matter were directed against Englishmen in India who were critical of company misrule and hated the actions of particular company officers.The Company was worried that such criticisms might be used by its critics in England to attack its trade monopoly
By the 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom and the Company began encouraging publication of newspapers that would celebrate Britsh rule.
In 1835, faced with urgent petitions by editors of English and vernacular newspapers, Governor - General Bentinck agreed to revise press laws.
Thomas Macaulay, a liberal colonial official, formulated new rules that restored the earlier freedoms

Thomas Macaulay

 After the Revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed.Enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the 'native' press.
1878 As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist, the colonial government began debating measures of stringent control.In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modeled on the Irish Press Laws.It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the veracular press.
From now on the government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers published in different provinces.When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned, and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.
Despite repressive measures, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India.They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.Attempts to throttle nationalist criticism provoked militant protest.This in turn led to a renewed cycle of persecution and protests.
When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907.
Balgangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about them in his Kesari.This led to his imprisonment in 1908, in turn widespread protests all over India.
Box 4 Sometimes, the government found it hard to find candidates for editorship of loyalist papers.When Sanders, editor of the Statesman that had been founded in 1877, was approached, he asked rudely how much he would be paid for suffering the loss of freedom.
The Friend of India refused a government subsidy, fearing that this would force it to be obedient to government commands.
Box 5 The power of the printed word is most often seen in the way governments seek to regulate and suppress print.The colonial government kept continuous track of all books and newspapers published in India and passed numerous laws to control the press.
During the First World War, under the Defense of India Rules, 22 newspapers had to furnish securities.Of these, 18 shut down rather than comply with government orders
The Sedition Committee Report under Rowlatt in 1919 further strengthened controls that led to imposition of penalties on various newspapers.
At the outbreak of the Second World War,the Defense of India Act was passed,allowing censoring of reports of war - related topics.All reports about the Quit India movement came under its purview.In August 1942, about 90 newspapers were suppressed.
Source F - Print Culture Gandhi said in 1922: "Liberty of speech ... liberty of the press ... freedom of association. The Government of India is now seeking to crush the three powerful vehicles of expressing and cultivating public opinion. The fight  for Swaraj, for Khilafat ... means a fight for this threatened freedom before all else.
Home Assignment

a.Understand the contents by reading.

b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.

c.Learn them.

d.Keep eyes over figures.