X.History.Chapter 3.Nationalism in India

Raman's Classes
Chapter3.The Nationalsim in India.
Day1.Period 1.Page53-54.

Topic Introduction of the Chapter.
Vocabs.

Terms.
Nationalism identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.
Satyagraha Satyagraha, or holding onto truth, or truth force, is a particular form of nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. Someone who practices satyagraha is a satyagrahi. The term satyagraha was coined and developed by Mahatma Gandhi.
Racist a person who shows or feels discrimination or prejudice against people of other races,or who believes that a particular race is superior to another.
Khilafat the chief spiritual authority of Islam as exercised by the Turkish sultans.The Khilafat movement, also known as the Indian Muslim movement,was a pan-Islamist political protest campaign launched by Muslims of British India led by Shaukat Ali, Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Hakim Azmal Khan. 

Dates.
1857 - The Great Revolt of 1857.
1876 - The Indian Association.By Surendra Nath Banerjee in Calcutta.
1885 - The Foundation of Indian National Congress.
1915 January - Mahtama came back to India.
1917,19th of April - Champaran Satyagrah.
1918 - Kheda Satyagrah.Leader Gandhijee.
1918 - Ahmedabad Mil Satyagrah under Gandhijee.
1919 - Khilafat Movement 
1921 - Non Cooperation Movement

Persons.

Ali Brothers.

    Mahtama Gandhi (1869-1948) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist,who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British Rule, and in turn inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world
   Shaukat Ali, Maulana Shaukat Ali was an Indian Muslim leader of the Khilafat Movement. He was the elder brother of the renowned political leader Mohammad Ali Jouhar.
   Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Muhammad Ali Jauhar, also known as Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, was an Indian Muslim activist, journalist and a poet, and was among the leading figures of the Khilafat Movement. Mohammad Ali Jauhar was a product of the Aligarh Movement.
   Hakim Ajmal Khan changed from medicine to politics after he started writing for the Urdu weekly Akmal-ul-Akhbar launched by his family.Khan was also the sole person elected to the Presidency of the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League and the All India Khilafat Committee.
       Understanding Nationalism in India
       Modern nationalism in Europe As you have seen,modern nationalism in Europe came to be associated with the formation of nation - states (USA,Switzerland were two nation states). It also meant a change in people's understanding of who they were, and what defined their identity and sense of belonging.
      New symbols and icons,new songs Nationalism in India in India?process of and ideas for new links and redefined the boundaries of communities.In most countries the making of this new national identity was a long process.How did this consciousness emerge in India.
      Anti-colonial movement.In India,as in Vietnam and many other colonies,the growth of modem nationalism is intimately connected to the anti - colonial movement.
      People began discovering their unity in the their struggle with colonialism.The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together.
      Different groups different concepts of nationalism.But each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their experiences were varied, and their notions of freedom were not always the same.
     The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together within one movement.But the unity did not emerge without conflict.
      In an earlier textbook you have read about the growth of nationalism in India up to the first decade of the twentieth century.In this chapter we will pick up the story from the 1920s and study the Non Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements.
     We will explore how the Congress sought to develop the national movement, how different social groups involved in the movement, and how nationalism captured the imagination of people.

    Fig.1.6 April 1919.Mass Procession on the streets became a common feature during the national movement.
    1.The First World War, including Khilafat and Non Cooperation Movement In the years after 1919, we see the national movement spreading to new areas, incorporating new social groups,and developing new modes of struggle how do we understand these developments? What implications did they have?
    Increased defence expenditure First of all,the war created a new economic and political situation.It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure,which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes : customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
   Prices increased Through the war years prices increased - doubling between 1913 and 1918 - leading to extreme hardship for the common people.Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
   Acute shortage of food Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21,crops failed in many parts of India,resulting in acute shortages of food.
   Influenza epidemic This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921,12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.
   People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over.But that did not happen.At this stage a new leader appeared and suggested a new mode of struggle.
  Writing Skill-What were the reasons behind the discontents of Indians
  1.1.The idea of ​​Satyagrah.Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915.As youknow, he had come from South Africa where he had successfully fought the racist regime the racist regime with a novel method of mass agitation, which he called satyagraha.  .
  Writing Skill - What is Satyagrah?
Fig.2.Indian workers in South Africa march through Volksrust,(फोक सृस्ट) 6 November 1913.Mahtama Gandhi was leading the workers from Newcastle to Transvaal.When the merchants were stopped and Gandhi arrested, thousands of more workers joined the satyagrah against racist laws that denied rights to non whites.
Home Assignment 
a.Understand the contents.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers.

c.Learn them.

d.Keep eyes over figures

Fig .2.

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General Dyre,Jallianwala Massacre

Raman's Classes
Chapter3.The Nationalsim in India.
Day2.Period2.Page55-56.
Topic :The Rowlatt Act.
Vocabs.
Embolden हौसला बढ़ाना 
Outrageउल्लंघन Upsurge चढ़ाव 
Temporal लौकिक 
Conscience विवेक 
Flogg कोड़े से मारना 
Clamp down शिकंजा कसना 
Awe (ओ ) भय मिश्रित आश्चर्य.

Dates. 

1916   Travelling of Mahtama Gandhi to Champran.

1917   The Champaran Satyagraha of  was the first Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi in India

1918   Ahmedawad Movement
1919    March

1919    Rowlatt Act
1920,September The Calcutta session of the Congress
Persons
   General Dyre Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer,CB was an officer of the Bengal Army and later the newly constituted Indian Army.His military career began serving briefly in the regular British Army before transferring to serve with the Presidency armies of India.

Understandings

The idea of ​​Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.It suggested that if the cause was true if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

Satyagrah Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive,a satyagrahi could win the battle through nov violence.This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

People-including the oppressors-had to be persuaded to see the instead of being forced  to accept the truth through the use of non violence could unite all Indians.

After arriving in India,Mahatma Gandhi successfully organized satyagraha movements in various places.

Champran Satyagrah In 1916 he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.

Kheda Satyagrah Then in 1917,he organized a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat.Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic,the peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue, and were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed.

Ahmedawad Movement In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organize a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

1.2 The Rowlatt Act

Emboldened with this success,Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).

This Act had been hurriedly, passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial .For two years Mahatma Gandhi wanted non - violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws,which would start with a hartal on 6 April.

Rowlatt Act Satyagraha  Launched by Mahatma Gandhi around 1919 in this Satyagrah such programmes were decided.

a.Rallies were organized in various cities,

b.workers went on strike in railway workshops,

c.and shops closed down.Alarmed by the popular upsurge (चढ़ाव ), and scared that lines of communication such as the railways and telegraph would be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists.Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.

On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking,widespread attacks on banks,post offices and railway stations.Martial law was imposed and General Dyre took command.

Writing Skill : Who started Rowlatt Satyagrah ? What were the programmes?*

Source A

Mahatma Gandhi on Satyagraha 

'It is said of "passive resistance" that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the Subject of this article can be used only by the strong.This power is not passive resistance indeed it calls for intensive activity.The movement in South Africa was not passive but active.

Styagrah 

a.It is not physical force.

b.A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary;he does not seek his destruction.In the use of satyagraha,

c.there is no ill - will whatever.

d.Satyagraha is pure soul - force.Truth is the very substance of the soul.That is why this force is called satyagraha.The soul is informed with knowledge.In it burns the flame of love.

e.Non violence is the supreme dharma.

'It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms.The British worship the war - god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms.The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms.They have made the religion of non - violence their own ... it.

Writing Skill : What is Satyagrah ?

Activity

Read the text carefully.What did Mahatma Gandhi mean when he said satyagraha is active resistance?

On13 April the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place.On that day a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh.

Some came to protest against the government's new repressive measures.

Others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair.

Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.Dyer entered the area,blocked the exit points,and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundred his object;as he declared later, was to produce a moral effect',to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe (ओ ) भय मिश्रित आश्चर्य.As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread,crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns.There were strikes,clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.The government responded with brutal repression,seeking to humiliate and terrorize people: satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawł on the streets,and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs;people were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab,now in Pakistan) were bombed.Seeing violence,Mahtama Gandhi called off the

movement.

Fig.3 General Dyer's crawling (रेंगना )  orders being administered by British soldiers,Amritsar,Punjab.1919.

While the Rowlatt satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was still limited mostly to cities and towns.Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India.But he was certain that no such movement could be organized without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together.

One way of doing this, he felt, was to take up the Khilafat issue.The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. And there were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor - the spiritual head of the Islamic world the Khalifat defend the Khalifa's temporal (लौकिक)  powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919.

A young generation of  Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of an unified national movement.

At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September1920, he convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.

1.3 Why Non-cooperation? In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909 ) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians,and survived only because of this cooperation.If Indians refused to cooperate British rule in India would collapse within a year,and swaraj would come.

Home Assignment 

a.Understand the contents.

b.Make the inside Questions/Answers.

c.Learn them.

d.Keep eyes over figures.

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Raman's Classes

Chapter3.The Nationalsim in India.

Day3.Period 3.Page 57-58.
Topic : Why Non- cooperation
Terms

Boycott - The refusal to deal and associate with people, or participate in activities, or buy and use things;  usually a form of protest
Picket - A form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop, factory or office
Swaraj - Self rule or self governance
Dates

1920 December at Nagpur Session of Congress Non cooperation programme accepted
1921 January  The Non - Cooperation Khilafat Movement began in.
Understandings 

How could non-cooperation become a movement? 
Non cooperation agenda  Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages.
a.It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded,
b.and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools,and foreign goods.
c.Then,in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
Through the summer of 1920 Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilizing popular support for the movement.

Conflict in the Congress Many within the Congress were,however, concerned about the proposals.They were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920, and they feared that the movement might lead to popular violence.In the months between September and December there was an intense tussle within the Congress.For a while there seemed no meeting point between the supporters and  the opponents of the movement.
Nagpur Session,1920  Finally, at the Congress session at Nagpur in December1920,a compromise was worked out and the Non - Cooperation program was adopted.How did the  movement unfold ?

Who participated in it ?How did different social groups conceive of the idea of ​​Non - Cooperation?

Fig.4 - The boycott of foreign cloth, July 1922.Foreign cloth was seen as the symbol of Western economic and cultural domination.

2.Differing Strands within the Movement

The Non - Cooperation Khilafat Movement began in January 1921.Various social groups discussed in this movement, each with its own specific aspiration.All of them responded to the call of Swaraj, but the term meant different things to different people.

2.1 The Movement in the Towns

The movement started with middle - class participation in the cities.Thousands of students left government - controlled schools and colleges,headmasters and teachers resigned,and lawyers gave up their legal practices. 

The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras,where the Justice Party, the party of the non - Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power - something that usually only Brahmans had access to.

The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic.

Foreign goods were boycotted,
liquor shops picketed,
and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore.In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
As the boycott movement spread,and people began discarded imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up:
But this movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons.
Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. How then  they could boycott mill  for too long.
Similarly the boycott of British institutions posed a problem.For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British ones.
These were slow to come up.So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts
2.2 Rebellion in the countryside from the cities,
From the cities the Non - Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside.It drew into its fold the struggles of peasants and tribals which were developing in different parts of India in the years after the war.
Activity The year is 1921.You are a student in a government - controlled school.  Design a poster urging school students to answer Gandhiji's call to join the Non - Cooperation Movement.
Home Assignment 

a.Understand the contents.

b.Make the inside Questions/Answers.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.

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Raman's Classes
Chapter3.The Nationalsim in India.
Day4.Period 4.Page59-60.
Topic:Swaraj in Plantation.
Vocabs
Invoked (सही ठहराना)
Stranded (फंस जाना)
Incarnation (अवतार)
Terms
Begar  Begar - Labor that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment 
Persons
Baba Ramchandra- à sanyasi,an indentured labourer in Fiji.

Alluri Sitaram Raju
Dates

1859 Inland Emigration Act of 1859 - plantation workers were not allowed to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission.

Understandings

Baba Ramchandra In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra- à sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses.  

Begar Peasants  had to do begar and work at landlords' farms without any payment. 

As tenants they had no security of tenure, being regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right  over the leased land.movement demanded reduction of revenus abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

Nai - dhobi bandhs  In many places nai - dhobi bandhs were organized by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen in June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh, talking to the villagers, and trying to understand their grievances.

Oudh Kisan Sabha By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, 

Baba  Ramchandra and a few others within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region.So when the Non Cooperation Movement began the following the effort of the Congress was to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle.The peasant movement, however, developed in forms that the Congress leadership was unhappy with.

As the movement spread in 1921, 

the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, 

bazaars were looted, 

and grain hoards were taken over.

In many places local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.  The name of the Mahatma was being invoked (सही ठहराना) to sanction all action and aspirations, 

Source B On 6 January 1921, the police in United Provinces fired at peasants near Rae Bareli. Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to go to the place of firing, but was stopped by the police.  Agitated and angry, Nehru addressed the peasants who gathered around him.This is how he later described the meeting:

 "They behaved as brave men, calm and unruffled in the face of danger. I don't know how they felt but I know what my feelings were. For a moment my blood was up, non -  violence was almost forgotten - but for a moment only.The thought of the great leader, who by God's goodness has been sent to lead us to victory, came to me, and I saw the kisans seated and standing near me, less excited, more  peaceful than I was - and the moment of weakness passed,I spoke to them in all humility on non - violence - I needed the lesson more than they and they heeded me and peacefully dispersed. 

Quoted in Sarvapalli Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru : A Biography,Vol. I. 

Nationalism in India 59

Activity if you were a peasant in Uttar Pradesh in 1920, 

how would you have responded to Gandhiji's call for Swaraj?  

Give reasons for your response. 

Activity Find out about other participants in the National Movement who were captured and put to death by the British.

Can you think of a similar example from the national movement in Indo - China (Chapter 2)?

Understandings

 Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of ​​Swaraj in yet another way.In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, for instance, a militant guerrilla movement spread in the carly 1920s - not a form of struggle that the Congress could approve.

Here, as in other forest areas, the colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits: this enraged the hill people.Not only were their livelihoods affected but they felt that their traditional rights were being denied.  When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building, the hill people revolted.The person who came to lead them was an interesting figure. 

 Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers: 

he could make correct astrological prediction and could survive even bullet shots, 

Captured by Raju, the rebels  proclaimed that he was an incarnation (अवतार) of God.  

Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he was inspired by the Non - Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking 

but at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not  non - violence.

The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officers and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.

Raju was captured and executed in 1924, and over time became a folk hero.  

2.3 Swaraj in the Plantations 

Workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of swaraj.

For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined spacin which they were enclosed, 

and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.

Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not allowed to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission.

When they heard of the Non - Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.They, however, never reached their destination.Stranded (फंस जाना) on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up

Home Assignment 

a.Understand the contents.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers.

c.Learn them.

d.Keep eyes over figures.

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Raman's Classes
Chapter3.The Nationalsim in India.
Day5.Period 5.
Page61-62.
Topic:Swaraj in Plantation.
Vocabs
Dissension (असहमति )
Agitation (विवाद ).
Turmoil (उथल पुथल ).
Dates
1919. Government of India Act
1922  Chauri Chaura incident,
1923 C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party
1928 When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928
Understandings The visions of these movements were not defined by the Congress programme. all suffering and all troubles would programme. They interpreted the term swaraj in their own ways, imagining  it to be a time when all troubles would be over.
Yet,when the tribals chanted Gandhiji's name and raised slogans demanding“Swatantra Bharat, they were also emotionally relating to an all - India agitation (विवाद ).
When they acted in the name of Mahatma Gandhi, or linked their movement to that of the Congress, they were identifying with a movement which went beyond the limits of their immediate locality. 
Fig.  5 - Chauri Chaura, 1922.  At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police.  Hearing of the incident, Mahatma Gandhi called a halt to the Non - Cooperation Movement.
3 Towards Civil Disobedience In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non Cooperation Movement & He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they  would be ready for mass struggles.  Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919.
They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils,argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic.
C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party in1923, within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics.
But younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence.
In such a situation of internal debate and dissension(असहमति ) to factors again shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920s.
The first was the effect of the worldwide economic depussion.  Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed åfter 1930. As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue.  By 1930, the countryside was in turmoil (उथल पुथल ).
Against this background the new Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. Set up in response to the nationalist movement, the commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.The problem was that the commission did not have a single Indian member.  They were all British 
When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with these slogan "Go back Simon".
All parties, including the Congress and the In an effort to win them over,the very, L.Srd Muslim League,participated  in the demonstration in an effort to win them over.the viceroy Irwin, announced in October 1929, a vague offer of dominion status' for India in an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution. This did not satisfy the Congress leaders. The radicals within the Congress,led by Jawahrarlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose became more assertive.

Fig. 6 - Meeting of Congress leaders of Allahabad,
1931.Apart from Mahatma Gandhi, you can see Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (extreme left), Jawaharlal Nehru (extremo night) and Subhas Chandra Bose (fifth from right)
Home Assignment a.Understand the contents.b.Make the inside Questions/Answers.c.Learn them.d.Keep eyes over figures.

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Raman's Classes

Chapter3.The Nationalsim in India
Day5.Period 5.Page63-64.
Topic:Salt March.
VocabsInalienable (असहनीय)
Toil (कड़ापरिश्रम)
Devout (अत्यधिकधर्मनििष्ठ)
Armoured (कबचसहित)
Person
Viceroy Irwin 
Understandings
Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, became more assertive.The liberals and moderates, who were proposing a constitutional sustem within the framework of British dominion, gradually lost their influence.
Lahore Congress,1929 In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalized the demand of 'Purna  Swaraj' or full independence for India.
It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.
But the celebrations attracted very little attention.
So Mahatma Gandhi had to find a way to relate this abstract idea of ​​freedom to more concrete issues of everyday life.
Source CThe Independence Day Pledge, 26 January 1930 We believe that it is the inalienable(असहनीय) right of the Indian people,as of any other people,to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil(कड़ा परिश्रम)and have the necessities of life,so that they may have full opportunities of growth.
We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them, the people have a further right to alter it or to abolish it.
The British Government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses,and has ruined India economically,politically,culturally, and spiritually.
We believe,therefore,that India must

sever(गंभीर)the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or Complete Indep endence.

3.1The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement Letter to Viceroy Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.On 31 January 1930,he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.

Some of these were of general interest;

Others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants.The idea was to make the demands wide - ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign.

Lord Irvin

Eleven Demands The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the sale tax.Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food.The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.

Ultimatum Mahatma Gandhi's letter was,in a way, an ultimatum.If the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March, the letter stated, the Congress would launch a ciyil disobedience campaign.Irwin was unwilling to negotiate.

Salt March Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers.The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji's ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi.The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day.Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi  wherever stopped.

the celebrations attracted very little attention.So Mahatma Gandhi had to find a way to relate this abstract idea of ​​freedom to more 

Salt Making On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law,manufacturing salt by sea water.boiling This  marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Movement People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British,

as they had done in 1921-22,but also to break colonial laws.Programmes 

a.Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt

law,manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.

b.As the movement spread,foreign cloth was boycotted,

c.and liquor shops were picketed.

d.Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes,

e.village officials resigned,

f.and in many places forest people violated forest laws - going into reserved forests to collect wood and graze cattle.Repressive Policy of Government Worried by the developments,the colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one.

This led to violent clashes in many palaces.When AbdulGhaffar Khan,a devout अत्यधिक धर्मनििष्ठ disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was arrested in April 1930,angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured(कबच सहित)cars and police firing.Many were killed.A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested,industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, lawcourts and railway stations - all structures that symbolized British rule.  A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression.

Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten, and about 100,000 people were arrested.Irwin Pact In such a situation, Mahatma Gandhi once again decided to call off  the movement and entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March1931.By this Gandhi - Irwin Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in a round table conference the Congress had boycotted the first Round Tabel Confrence in London and the government agreed to release the political prisioners.

Mahtama with his followers in Salt Satyagrah

Fig.7-The Dandi march.During the salt march Mahatma Gandhi was accompanied by 78 volunteers.On the way they were joined by thousands.

Fig.8 -Police cracked down on satyagrahis,1930.

Home Assignment 

a.Understand the contents.

b.Make the inside Questions.

c.Learn them.

d.Keep eyes over figures.

-----------------------------------------------

Raman's Classes

Abdul Gaffar Khan with Gandhi

Chapter3The Nationalsim in India.

Day6.Period 6.Page 65-66.

Topic:How the Participants saw the Movement.

Vocabs

Imprescriptible न खोने योग्य 

Incense धूप

Terms

Patidars Gujrati farmers.
Jats  Farmers of Uttar Pradesh 

Persons

Abdul Ghaffar Khan(1890 - 1988) He was a Pashtun independence activist who worked to end the rule of the British Raj in colonial India.

Bhagat Singh(28.71907-23.3.1931) Bhagat Singh was an Indian socialist revolutionary whose two acts of dramatic violence against the British in India and execution at age 23 made him a folk hero of the Indian independence movement.

Batukeswar Dutta (1910-1965) Batukeshwar Dutt was an Indian revolutionary and independence fighter in the early 1900s.He is best known for having exploded a few bombs,along with Bhagat Singh,in the Central Legislative Assembly in New Delhi on 8 April 1929.

Jatin Das(1904 1929) Jatindra Nath Das (27 October 1904 – 13 September 1929), also known as Jatin Das,was an Indian independence activist and revolutionary.He died in Lahore jail after a 63-day hunger strike

Ajoy Ghosh (1909 -1962) Ajoy Kumar Ghosh was an Indian freedom fighter and prominent leader of the Communist Party of India.

Jatin,Batukeshwar,Ajoy Ghosh

Purshottamdas Thakurdas Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas was a Gujarati cotton trader, businessman and industrialist from Mumbai, India

G.D.Birla (1894 - 1983 ) Ghanshyam Das Birla was a pioneering Indian businessman and member of the Birla Family.

Dates

1920 the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920

1927 Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.

1928 The Hindustan Socialist Republican Army ( HSRA ) was founded at a meeting in Ferozeshah Kotla ground in Delhi 

1929 In April,Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Dutta threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly.

1930 Thousands of workers in Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and focused in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.

Understandings 

Page 65 In December 1931 Gandhi went to London for the conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed.

Back in India, he discovered that the Government had begun a new cycle of repression.

Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail,congress had been declared illegal, and a series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings,demonstrations and boycotts.

With great apprehension,Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement.  For over a year, the movement continued,but by 1934 it lost its momentum.

Box1To the altar of this revolution we have brought our youth as incense'Many nationalists thought that the struggle against the British could not be won through non - violence.In 1928,the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army( HSRA) was founded at a meeting in Ferozeshah Kotla ground in Delhi.

Amongst its leaders were Bhagat Singh,Jatin Das and Ajoy Ghosh .In a series of dramatic actions in different parts of India,the HSRA targeted some of the symbols of British power . In April 1929,Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Dutta threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly In the same year there was an attempt to blow up the train that Lord Irwin was travelling in . Bhagat Singh was 23 when he was tried and executed by the colonial government . During his trial , Bhagat Singh stated that he did not wish to glorify ' the cult of the bomb and pistol but wanted a revolution in society." Revolution is the inalienable right of mankind.Freedom is the imprescriptible न खोने योग्य  birthright of all .The labourer is the real sustainer of society To the altar of this revolution we have brought our youth as incense धूप , for no sacrifice is too great for so magnificent a cause.We are content.We await the advent of

revolution.Inquilab Zindabad.'

3.2 how participants saw the movement Let us now look at the different social groups that have been involved in the civil disobedience movement.Why did they join the movement What were their ideals?  What did swaraj mean to them? 

In the countryside, rich peasant communities - like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh - were active in the movement being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices.

As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government's revenue demand.And the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment.

These rich peasants became enthusiastic supporters of the civil disobedience movement organizing their communities,and at times forcing reluctant members to participate in the boycott programmes.For them swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue rates being revised.So when the movement was restarted in 1932 many of them refused to

partiicpate.

The poorer peasantry were not just interested in the lowering revenue demand.Many of them were small tenants cultivating they had rented from landlords.

As the Depression continue cash incomes dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult their rent.They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.

They joined a variety of radical movements,often led by Socialist and Communists.  Apprehensive of raising issues that might the rich peasants and landlords, the Congress was unwilling to support 'no rent' campaigns in most places.So the relationship between poor peasants and the Congress remained uncertain.

Understandings Page 66

What about the business classes of 

Merchants and industrialists How did they relate to the Civil Disobedience Movement  During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and become powerful (see Chapter 5).Keen on expanding their business,they now reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.

a.They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, 
b.and a rupee - sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.to organize business interests,
c.they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.Led by prominent industrialists like

G.D.Birla

Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D.Birla, 
d.the industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy, and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched.
e.They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.

Most businessmen came to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.
But after the failure of the Round Table Conference, business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic.They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged disruption of business, as well as of the growing influence of socialism amongst the younger members of the Congress.

The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers,except in the Nagpur region.As the industrialists came closer to the Congress,workers completed stayed aloof.

But in spite of that,some workers did participate in the civil disobedience movement, selectively adopting some of the ideas of the Gandhian program, like boycott of foreign goods,as part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions.

There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932.

In 1930 thousands of workers in Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and focused in prot rallies and boycott campaigns.

But the Congress was reluctant to include workers' demands as part of its programme of strugg! It felt that this would alienate industrialists and divide the and imperial forces. Another important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the large-scale participation of women.

During Gandhiji's a march, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him. They took in protest marches, manufactured salt,and 

Some important dates

1918-19 Distressed UP peasants organized by Baba Ramchandra.

1919 April  Gandhian hartal against Rowlatt Act;Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

1921 January Non - Cooperation and Khilafat movement launched.

1922 February  Chaura;  Gandhiji withdraws Non Cooperation movement.

1924 May  Sitarama Raju arrested ending a two - year armed tribal struggle.
1929 December Lahore Congress;Congress adopts the demand for 'Purna Swaraj'.

1930 Ambedkar establishes Depressed Classes Association.
1930 March breaking salt law at Dandi.

1931 March  ends Civil Disobdience Movement.

1931 December Second Round table Conference.

1932 Civil Disobdience relaunched.

Home Assignment 

a.Understand the contents.

b.Make the inside Questions.

c.Learn them.

d.Keep eyes over figures.

-------------------------------------------

Raman's Classes

Chapter3.The Nationalsim in India.

Day7.Period 7.Page 67-68.

Topic: How the Participants saw the Movement.

Vocabs

Fervour जोश

Lukewarm उदासीन 

Terms
Santanis, Conservative high caste Hindus.

Harijan,The untouchables.

Bhangi the sweepers

Schedule Castes Depressed Classes

Persons

Mahatma Gandhi,1869-1948 

Maulana Azad,1888-1958 Azad was an Indian scholar, Islamic theologian, independence activist, and a senior leader of the Indian National Congress during freedom struggle. 

B.R.Ambedkar,1891-1956

Jawaharlal Nehru,1889-1964

Dates

1930 Dr BR Ambedkar, who organized the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association.
1932 Poona Pact of September between Mahtama and B.R.Ambedkar.

Fig.9 Women join nationalist processions.During the national movement, many women, for the first time in their lives,moved out of their homes on to a public arena. Amongst the marchers you can see many old women, and mothers with children in their arms.

Discuss why did various classes and groups of Indians participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?

Understanding 

Page 67 picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.

Many went to jail, 

in urban areas these women were from high - caste families;  

in rural areas they came from rich peasant houses.

Moved by Gandhiji's call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.Yet, this increased public role did not necessarily mean any radical change in the way the position of women was visualized.Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home to good mothers and good wives.

And for a long time the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organization.It was keen only on their symbolic presence.

3.3 The Limits of Civil Disobedience 

Untouchables being aloof Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of swaraj.One such group was the nation's "untouchables", who from around the 1930s had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed.

For long the Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high - caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated.He called the untouchables' harijan,

Understanding Page 68.

or the children of God,organized satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, 

and access to public wells,tanks,roads and schools. 

He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi (the sweepers),and persuaded upper castes to change his heart and give up the sin of untouchability. 

But many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community.

They began organizing themselves,dermanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legisladve councils.

Political empowerment, they believed, would resolve the problems of their social disabilities.Dalit participation in the civil disobedience movement was therefore limited, particularly in the Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organization was quite strong.

Poona Pact 1932 Dr BR Ambedkar, who organized the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930,clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at a second round table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.

When the British government conceded Ambedkar's demand, Gandhiji began a fast leaving death.

He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji's position and result was the Poona Pact of September 1932. 

It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils but they were to be voted  in by the general electorate.The dalit movement, however, continued to be apprehensive of the Congress led national movement

Muslim being lukewarm Some of the Muslim political organizations in India were also lukewarm उदासीन  in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement.

After the decline of the Non - Cooperation - Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. 

From the mid - 1920s the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha .As relations worsened.each India  

each community organized religious processions with militant fervour जोश , provoking Hindu - Muslim communal clashes and riotes in various cities.  

Every not  deepened the distance between the two communities.The Congress and the

Muslim League made efforts to renegotiate an alliance, and in 1927 it appeared that such a unity could be forged.The important differences were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected. Muhammad Ali 

Figs  10 - Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal and Maulana Azad at Sewagram Ashram Wardha,1935.

Home Assignment 
a.Understand the contents.

b.Make the inside Questions.

c.Learn them.

d.Keep eyes over figures.

---------------------------------------------

M.R.Jaykar

Raman's Classes

Chapter3.The Nationalsim in India.

Day8.Period 8.Page69-70.

Topic:The Muslim League.

Vocabs  

Indispensable अपरिहार्य

Ignoble नीच

Dates

1930, Muhammad Iqbal,as president of the Muslim League,
1947,14 August  Pakistan's creation on

Persons

Bal Gangadhar Tilak. 1856 -1920
M R.Jaykar.1873-1959 Dr. Mukund Ramrao Jayakar was born in Bombay in 1873 and grew up to become a prominent lawyer.He was one of the key members of the Hindu Mahasabha

Muhammad Ali. 1876 -1948 Jinnah was a Pakistani barrister, politician and the founder of Pakistan.Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's creation on 14 August 1947, and then as Pakistan's first Governor-General until his death.
Muhammad Iqwal. l1877-1938 Muhammad Iqbal, known as Allama Iqbal, was a poet, philosopher, theorist, and barrister in British India.He is held as the national poet of Pakistan.He has been called the "Spiritual Father of Pakistan" for his contributions to the nation.

Iqwal,Jinnah

Understandings.Page No 69

 Mohammad AlI Jinnah,one of the leaders of the Muslim League,was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates,if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim - dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab).

Negotiations over the question of representation continued but all hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared when M.R.Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise.

When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was thus an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities.Alienated from the Congress, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.

Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India.They feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority. 

Source D 

 In 1930,Sir Muhammad Iqbal,as president of the Muslim League,reiterated the importance of separate electorates for the Muslims as an important safeguard for  their minority political interests.His statement is supposed to have provided intellectual justification for the Pakistan demand that came up in subsequent years.This is what he said.

"I have no hesitation in declaring that if the principle that the Indian Muslim is entitled to full and free development on the  lines of his own culture and tradition in his own Indian home - lands is recognized as the basis of a permanent communal Settlement, 

he will be ready to stake his all for the freedom of India.The principle that each group is entitled to free development on its own lines is not inspired by any feeling of narrow communalism. 

A community which is inspired by feelings of ill - will towards other communities is low and ignoble नीच .

I entertain the highest respect for the customs,laws religions and social institutions of other communities.Nay, it is my duty according to the teachings of the Quran defend their places of Worship, if need be. 

Yet I love  the communal group which is the source of life and behaviour which has formed me what I am by giving me its religion, its literature, its thought, its culture and thereby its whole past as a living operative factor in my present consciousness "

'Communalism in its higher aspect,then, is indispensable अपरिहार्य  to the formation of a harmonious whole in a country The units of Indian society are not territorial as in European countries ... The principle of European democracy applied to India without recognizing the fact of communal groups.The Muslim demand for the creation of a ML within India is, therefore, perfectly justified ... 

"The Hindu thinks that separate electorates are contrary to the spirit of true nationalism, because he understands word " nation to mean a kind of universal amalgamation in  which no communal entity ought to retain its private individuality.Such a state of things,however, does not exist.India is a land of racial and religious variety.Add to this the general economic inferiority of the Muslims,their enormous debt,especially in the Punjab,and their insufficient majorities in some of the provinces, as at present constituted and you will begin to see clearly the meaning of our anxiety to retain electorates. 

Discuss 

Read the Source  D carefully, Do you agree with Iqbal's idea of ​​communalism?  Can you define communalism different way? 

Understandings Page 70 

The Sense of Collective Belonging 

Fig 11.

Fig.11 - Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an early twentieth - century print.

Notice how Tilak is surrounded by symbols of unity.The sacred institutions of different faiths (temple, church, masjid) frame the central figure. 

Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation,when they discover some unity that binds them together.
But how did the nation become a reality in the minds of people?
How did people belonging to different

communities,regions or language groups develop a sense of collective belonging? 

This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles.But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people's imagination.History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism.

Home Assignment 

a.Understand the contents.

b.Make the inside Questions.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.

-----------------------------------------------

Raman's Classes

Chapter3.The Nationalsim in India.

Day9.Period9.Page.71-72.

Topic :The Bharat Mata.

Vocabs

Dates

1870s Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Vande Mataram 'as a hymn to the motherland.
1905  Bharat Mata, painted by  Abanindranath Tagore.
1921 Gandhi designed Swaraj Flag. 
Persons
Abanindranath Tagore 1871-1951 Abanindranath Tagore was the principal artist and creator of the "Indian Society of Oriental Art". He was also the first major exponent of Swadeshi values in Indian art, thereby founding the influential Bengal school of art, which led to the development of modern Indian painting.
Ravi Varma 1848 –1906 was a celebrated Indian painter and artist. He is considered among the greatest painters in the history of ...

Understandings.Page.71
The identity of the nation,as you know (see Chapter 1).is most often symbolized in a figure or image.This helps create an image century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India with which people can identify the nation.
Bharat Mata : It was in the twentieth came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata.The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.In the 1870s he wrote Vande Mataram 'as a hymn to the motherland.Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.
Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. 

(see Fig. 12).In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure;  she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual in subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints, and was painted by different artists. (see Fig 14).Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one's nationalism.

Bharat Mata. Fig 12

Ideas of nationalism is also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.In late - nineteenth - century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends.These tales, they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces.
It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one's national identity and restore a sense of pride in one's past.
In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for folk revival. 

Fig.12 - Bharat Mata, Abanindranath Tagore 1905.Notice that the mother figure here is shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing.The mala in one hand emphasizes her ascetic quality Abanindranath Tagore,like Ravi Varma before him, tried to develop a style painting that could be seen as truly Indian 

Fig.13 - Jawaharlal Nehru, a popular print. Nehru is here shown holding the image of Bharat Mata and the map of India close to his heart.In a lot of popular prints, nationalist leaders are shown offering their heads to Bharat Mata.The idea of ​​sacrifice for the mother was powerful within popular imagination
Understandings Page 72.

Fig 13 Nehru.

In Madras,Natesa Sastri published a massive four - volume collection of Tamil folk tales, Folklore of Southern India.He believed that folklore was national literature;  it was' the most trustworthy manifestation of people's real thoughts and characteristics!  
As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became more and more aware of such icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.  
A Tri Colour Flag being introduced in Swedeshi Movement. During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolor flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
Gandhi designed Swaraj Flag. By 1921 Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag.It was again a tricolor,red, green and white 
and had a spinning wheel in the center, representing the Gandhian ideal of self - help.
Carrying the flag, holding it aloft,during marches became a symbol of defiance f defiance.
Reinterpretation of History. Another means of creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of history. By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently.
The British saw Indians as backward and  primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response,Indians began looking into the past - re discover India's great achievements.
They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts  and trade had flourished.This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline,when India was colonized.
These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India's great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.
These efforts to unify people were nor without problems.  
When the past being glorified was Hindu,when the images celebrated were drawn from Hindu iconography, then people of other communities felt left out.

Fig 14.Bharat Mata.

Fig.14 Bharat Mata.
This figure of Bharat Mata is a contrast to the one painted by Abanindranath Tagore.Here she is shown with a trishul, standing beside a lion and an elephant both symbols of power and authority.
Activity Look at Figs.12 and 14.Do you think these images will appeal to all castes and communities.Explain your views briefly.  
Source E "In earlier times, foreign travelers in India marvelled at the courage, truthfulness and modesty of the people of the Arya vamsa,now they remark mainly on the absence of those qualities.In those days Hindus would set out on conquest and hoist their flags in Tartar, China and other countries,now a few soldiers from a tiny island far away are lording it over the land of India.
Tarinicharan Chattopadhyay, Bharatbarsh Itihas (The History of Bharatbarsh),

Home Assignment 

a.Understand the contents.

b.Make the inside Questions.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.

---------------------------------------------------

Raman's Classes

Chapter3.The Nationalsim in India.

Day9.Period9.Page73.

Topic:The Muslim League.

Vocabs
Alienate विमुख 

Understandings.Page.73

Our flags designed in different years

A growing anger against the colonial government was thus bringing together various groups and classes of Indians into a common struggle for freedom in the first half of the twentieth century. 
The Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi tried to channel people's grievances into  Organized movements for independence.Through such movements the nationalists tried to forge a national unity. But as we have seen, diverse groups and classes in these movements with varied aspirations and expectations.

Avnindra Nath Bharat Mata

 
As their grievances were wide - ranging, freedom from colonial rule also  meant different things to different people.The Congress continuously attempted to resolve differences, and ensure that the demands of one group did not alienate another.This is precisely why the unity within the movement often broke down. The high points of Congress activity and nationalist unity  were followed by phases of disunity and inner conflict between groups.

In other words, what was emerging was a nation with many voices wanting.
Home Assignment 
a.Understand the contents.
b.Make the inside Questions.
c.Learn them.

d.Keep eyes over figures.