X.Chapter 7.
Print Culture and Modern World.
NCERT Book Questions/Answers.
Print Culture and Modern World.
NCERT Book Questions/Answers.
Write in brief
Q1.Give reasons for the following:
(a) Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.
(b) Martin Luther was in favor of print and spoke out in praise of it.
(c) The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an index of prohibited books from the mid - sixeteenth century.
(d) Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom
Q1.(a) Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.
Ans.(a) It was in the thirteenth century, i.e.,in 1295, that the Italian explorer Marco Polo retumed from his long stay in China, where the woodblock printing was popular.He brought this technique with him to Europe.
Q1.(b) Martin Luther was in favor of print and spoke out in praise of it.
Ans.(b) Through the publication of his protestant ideas, Martin Luther challenged the orthodox practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.When he wrote the New Testament, 5000 copies were sold very quickly.This was made possible only due to the print technology therefore, he spoke in favor of print and praised it extensively.
Q1.(c) The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an index of Prohibited books from the mid - sixeteenth century.
Ans.(c) The Roman Catholic Church had to face many dissents and protests from mid - sixteenth century onwards.Many writers had written the religious books and had interpreted Gods in their own manner which was defied by the Church authorities.The Church banned such books and duly kept their record. It was called the index of the prohibited books.
Q.1.(d) Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom
Ans.(d) Liberty of Speech, press and association were three most important vehicles of expressing and cultivating public opinion, according to Gandhi.
Therefore, Gandhiji emphasized the fight for 'swaraj' as it was fight for liberty of speeches, press and freedom for association.
Q.2.Write short notes to show what you know about.
(a) The Gutenburg Press
(b) Erasmus's idea of printed book.
(c) The Vernacular Press Act.
A.2. (a) The Gutenburg Press.
It was a developed from of the olive press.The lead molds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet.
By 1448, Gutenburg absolutely formulated or established the system.Bible was the first book to be printed.He produced 180 copies of Bible in 3 year, much faster and ahead of his time.
(b) Erasums's Idea of Printed Book:
Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer he criticized the printing of books.He regarded books as baseless, ignorant, scandalous,raving (व्यर्थ), irreligious and seditious.
(c) The Vernacular Press Act :
It started in 1878, comprising of the following features:
(i) It was set up on the basis of Irish Press Laws.
(ii) It provided the colonial government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials
(iii) If a report was found to be seditious, warning was given to the news paper. In case of confiscated.ignoring the warning, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery.
Q.3.What did the spread of print culture in the 19th century India mean to:
(a) Women
(b) The Poor
(c) Reformers
A.3.(a) Women : The spread of the print culture in 19the century India, facilitated Indian women.
The liberal families, supported the education of women, but on the other hand, the conservative families defied restrained women to study or read.
This led to provoking reaction, as most of the oppressed women began to study and read books and learnt writing secretively in kitchens.
Later they expressed their lives in the biographical accounts which were published much after they were written.To summarize, the print culture helped in spread of the feeling of self - reliance among Indian women.
Q1.Give reasons for the following:
(a) Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.
(b) Martin Luther was in favor of print and spoke out in praise of it.
(c) The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an index of prohibited books from the mid - sixeteenth century.
(d) Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom
Q1.(a) Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.
Ans.(a) It was in the thirteenth century, i.e.,in 1295, that the Italian explorer Marco Polo retumed from his long stay in China, where the woodblock printing was popular.He brought this technique with him to Europe.
Q1.(b) Martin Luther was in favor of print and spoke out in praise of it.
Ans.(b) Through the publication of his protestant ideas, Martin Luther challenged the orthodox practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.When he wrote the New Testament, 5000 copies were sold very quickly.This was made possible only due to the print technology therefore, he spoke in favor of print and praised it extensively.
Q1.(c) The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an index of Prohibited books from the mid - sixeteenth century.
Ans.(c) The Roman Catholic Church had to face many dissents and protests from mid - sixteenth century onwards.Many writers had written the religious books and had interpreted Gods in their own manner which was defied by the Church authorities.The Church banned such books and duly kept their record. It was called the index of the prohibited books.
Q.1.(d) Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom
Ans.(d) Liberty of Speech, press and association were three most important vehicles of expressing and cultivating public opinion, according to Gandhi.
Therefore, Gandhiji emphasized the fight for 'swaraj' as it was fight for liberty of speeches, press and freedom for association.
Q.2.Write short notes to show what you know about.
(a) The Gutenburg Press
(b) Erasmus's idea of printed book.
(c) The Vernacular Press Act.
A.2. (a) The Gutenburg Press.
It was a developed from of the olive press.The lead molds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet.
By 1448, Gutenburg absolutely formulated or established the system.Bible was the first book to be printed.He produced 180 copies of Bible in 3 year, much faster and ahead of his time.
(b) Erasums's Idea of Printed Book:
Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer he criticized the printing of books.He regarded books as baseless, ignorant, scandalous,raving (व्यर्थ), irreligious and seditious.
(c) The Vernacular Press Act :
It started in 1878, comprising of the following features:
(i) It was set up on the basis of Irish Press Laws.
(ii) It provided the colonial government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials
(iii) If a report was found to be seditious, warning was given to the news paper. In case of confiscated.ignoring the warning, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery.
Q.3.What did the spread of print culture in the 19th century India mean to:
(a) Women
(b) The Poor
(c) Reformers
A.3.(a) Women : The spread of the print culture in 19the century India, facilitated Indian women.
The liberal families, supported the education of women, but on the other hand, the conservative families defied restrained women to study or read.
This led to provoking reaction, as most of the oppressed women began to study and read books and learnt writing secretively in kitchens.
Later they expressed their lives in the biographical accounts which were published much after they were written.To summarize, the print culture helped in spread of the feeling of self - reliance among Indian women.
(b) The
Poor : The poor people found their voices in the literate and intellectual
social lenders such as Ambedkar, Periyar, Phule etc.
The miserable lives of the poor people were manifested in many novels written abundantly during the nineteenth century.
The leadership among poor people increased due to cheap publicised books.
Those who worked as woodcutters found employment in the print shops
(c) The Reformers: The Indian reformists of the 19th century utilized print culture as the most potent means of spreading their constrictive and reformist ideas.
They began publishing various Vernacular and English - Hindi newspapers through their medium. They spread their ideas which were totally against widow immolation, child marriage, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatory.
Thereby, print culture provided them a sphere with a marginal space for attacking religious orthodoxy and the spread modern social and political ideas so that large masses would be facilitated.
Discuss
Q1.Why did some people in the 18th century Europe think that the print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism?
Ans. Many people in the 18th century Europe, like Louis - Sebastien Mercier, though that the print culture was the most power engine of progress and public opinion. It had the force of sweeping out despotism and spread enlightens.
Q2.Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one example from Europe and one from India.
Ans. Some people feared the effect of easily available printed books because.
They feared that rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread due to it.
For example : Firstly in Europe the Roman Catholic Church tried to curb the already printed book through the index of prohibited books.
Secondly, in India The Vernacular Press Act imposed restrictions on the printing of anti - British articles on Indian press and various local newspapers
Q3. What were the effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in the 19th century India.
Ans.The effect of print culture in the 19th century India had the following effect on the poor people:
(a) Many of them got employed in the print shops, thereby earning a living for themselves and getting employed
(b) They got aware of national international and local news through cheap printed material
(c) With the Vernacular Press Act, the nationalist ideas registered in the minds of the poor people that they enjoyed no freedom British registered in the minds of the poor people that they enjoyed no freedom British imperialist rule.
(d) Caste discrimination, brought up through print culture, associated the already miserable poor people with nationalist freedom struggle,
(e) The noble messages such as restrictions on excessive drinking, increase in literacy among the poor etc.were spread through the print culture which proved to be an advantageous fact
Q4. Explain how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India?
Ans.The print culture immensely helped in the growth of nationalism in India in the following ways.
(i)Through the Vernacular Press Act, the exploitative methods of colonial government were reported
(ii) The misrule of government and its initiative on curbing the freedom of press, spread the nationalist ideas, that virtually demanded freedom of press
(iii) Revolutionary and rebellious ideas were also secretly spread by the print culture among
(iv) National newspapers always worked to mobilize public opinion of Indian masses to keep them moving against the foreign rule.
(v) The progress of new forms such as novels, lyrics, essays, journals and newspapers, spread the feeling of value among the readers.
(vi) Education, that was spread through the print culture, prepared fertile minds which were influenced by the reformist and nationalist ideas of the Indian leaders like Raja Rammohan Roy and Gandhiji.
Projects
The miserable lives of the poor people were manifested in many novels written abundantly during the nineteenth century.
The leadership among poor people increased due to cheap publicised books.
Those who worked as woodcutters found employment in the print shops
(c) The Reformers: The Indian reformists of the 19th century utilized print culture as the most potent means of spreading their constrictive and reformist ideas.
They began publishing various Vernacular and English - Hindi newspapers through their medium. They spread their ideas which were totally against widow immolation, child marriage, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatory.
Thereby, print culture provided them a sphere with a marginal space for attacking religious orthodoxy and the spread modern social and political ideas so that large masses would be facilitated.
Discuss
Q1.Why did some people in the 18th century Europe think that the print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism?
Ans. Many people in the 18th century Europe, like Louis - Sebastien Mercier, though that the print culture was the most power engine of progress and public opinion. It had the force of sweeping out despotism and spread enlightens.
Q2.Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one example from Europe and one from India.
Ans. Some people feared the effect of easily available printed books because.
They feared that rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread due to it.
For example : Firstly in Europe the Roman Catholic Church tried to curb the already printed book through the index of prohibited books.
Secondly, in India The Vernacular Press Act imposed restrictions on the printing of anti - British articles on Indian press and various local newspapers
Q3. What were the effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in the 19th century India.
Ans.The effect of print culture in the 19th century India had the following effect on the poor people:
(a) Many of them got employed in the print shops, thereby earning a living for themselves and getting employed
(b) They got aware of national international and local news through cheap printed material
(c) With the Vernacular Press Act, the nationalist ideas registered in the minds of the poor people that they enjoyed no freedom British registered in the minds of the poor people that they enjoyed no freedom British imperialist rule.
(d) Caste discrimination, brought up through print culture, associated the already miserable poor people with nationalist freedom struggle,
(e) The noble messages such as restrictions on excessive drinking, increase in literacy among the poor etc.were spread through the print culture which proved to be an advantageous fact
Q4. Explain how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India?
Ans.The print culture immensely helped in the growth of nationalism in India in the following ways.
(i)Through the Vernacular Press Act, the exploitative methods of colonial government were reported
(ii) The misrule of government and its initiative on curbing the freedom of press, spread the nationalist ideas, that virtually demanded freedom of press
(iii) Revolutionary and rebellious ideas were also secretly spread by the print culture among
(iv) National newspapers always worked to mobilize public opinion of Indian masses to keep them moving against the foreign rule.
(v) The progress of new forms such as novels, lyrics, essays, journals and newspapers, spread the feeling of value among the readers.
(vi) Education, that was spread through the print culture, prepared fertile minds which were influenced by the reformist and nationalist ideas of the Indian leaders like Raja Rammohan Roy and Gandhiji.
Projects
Q1. Find out more about
the changes in print technology in the last 100 years.
Write about the changes, explaining why they have taken place, what their consequences have been.
Ans.18th century innovations :
a.At the end of the 18th century, there were several notable innovations in the field of graphic techniques,thereby fully utilized to make their materials.
b.Bewick developed the method of using engraving tools on the end of the wood. c.Senefeder discovered lithography.
d.Blake made relief etchings.
19th century developments
a.Early in the nineteenth century Stanhope, George E. Clymer, Koeing and others introduced new kinds of type presses, which for strength surpassed anything that had previously been known.
b.Bryan Donkin, developed a commercial application of the Fourdrinier machine and invented the composition roller.
20th century developments: Books and newspapers are printed in the modern times using the technique of offset lithography.Other common techniques comprise of:
Flexography : Used for packaging, labels, newspapers.
Relief Print: (Mainly used for catalog)
Screen Printing : From T - shirts to floor tiles.
Rotogravure : Mainly used for magazines and packaging.
Inkjet: used typically to print a small number of books or packaging, as well as to print a variety of materials from high quality papers to stimulate offset printing, to floor tiles. Inkjet is also used to apply mailing addresses to direct mailing pieces.
Hot Wax : Dye transfer.
Laser Printing: Mainly used in offices and for transactional printing (bill, bank documents). Laser printing is commonly used by direct mail companies to create variable data letters or coupons, etc.
Gravure : For this type of printing, the image to be printed is made up to small holes that were sunk into the surface of the printed plate.
The cells are filled with ink and the excess is scrapped off the surface, then a rubber covered roller presses paper onto the surface of the plate and into contact with the ink in the cells.
The printing plates are usually made from copper and may be produced by etching,
Gravure printing is used for long high - quality print runs such as magazines, mail order catalogs, packaging and printing onto fabric and wall paper.
It is also used for printing postage stamps and decorative plastic laminates such as into:
Digital Printing Printing at home or in an office or engineering section is subdivided Small format (up to ledger size paper sheets), as used in business offices and libraries establishments Wide format (upto 3rd or 1914 min wide rolls of paper), as used in drafting and design Some of the more common technologies are:
Line Printing : Where pre-formed characters are applied to the paper by lines.
Daisy Wheel: Where pre - formed characters applied individually.
Dot - Matrix : Which produces arbitary patters of dots with an array of printed stads.
Heat transfer: Like the old fax machines or modern printers that apply heat to special paper, which tums black to form the printed image.
Blue print. And co - related chemical technologies.
Inkjet: Including bubsle - jet where ink is sprayed into the paper to create the designed image.
Laser : Where toner consisting mainly of polymer with pigment of the desired colors is melted and applied directly to the paper to create the needed or desired image.
(iv) Reasons and results behind these changes:
Vendors in their own way increase the total cost to operate the equipment, involving complicated calculations which include all cost factors involved in the operation as also capital equipment costs, amortization, etc.Generally, toner systems beat inkjet in the long run, because inkjet are cheaper in purchase price.
Professional digital printer (using toner) is mainly used as electrical charge to transfer toner or liquid ink to the substance it is printed on digital printing quality has steadily improved from early color and black and white copiers to the sophisticated colored digital presses like the Xerox;
Gen 3, the Kodak Nexpress and the HP Indigo Digital press series. The igren 3 and Nexpress use toner particles and the Indigo uses liquied ink. All three are made for small runs and variable data, and rival offset in quality:
Digital offset presses are called direct imaging presses: although they receive the computer files and automatically turn them into print readly plates, they cannot insert variable data. Small press and magazines generally use digital printing.
Before to the introduction of cheap photo copying, the use of machines such as the spirit duplicator, hectograph, mieograph was common.
Write about the changes, explaining why they have taken place, what their consequences have been.
Ans.18th century innovations :
a.At the end of the 18th century, there were several notable innovations in the field of graphic techniques,thereby fully utilized to make their materials.
b.Bewick developed the method of using engraving tools on the end of the wood. c.Senefeder discovered lithography.
d.Blake made relief etchings.
19th century developments
a.Early in the nineteenth century Stanhope, George E. Clymer, Koeing and others introduced new kinds of type presses, which for strength surpassed anything that had previously been known.
b.Bryan Donkin, developed a commercial application of the Fourdrinier machine and invented the composition roller.
20th century developments: Books and newspapers are printed in the modern times using the technique of offset lithography.Other common techniques comprise of:
Flexography : Used for packaging, labels, newspapers.
Relief Print: (Mainly used for catalog)
Screen Printing : From T - shirts to floor tiles.
Rotogravure : Mainly used for magazines and packaging.
Inkjet: used typically to print a small number of books or packaging, as well as to print a variety of materials from high quality papers to stimulate offset printing, to floor tiles. Inkjet is also used to apply mailing addresses to direct mailing pieces.
Hot Wax : Dye transfer.
Laser Printing: Mainly used in offices and for transactional printing (bill, bank documents). Laser printing is commonly used by direct mail companies to create variable data letters or coupons, etc.
Gravure : For this type of printing, the image to be printed is made up to small holes that were sunk into the surface of the printed plate.
The cells are filled with ink and the excess is scrapped off the surface, then a rubber covered roller presses paper onto the surface of the plate and into contact with the ink in the cells.
The printing plates are usually made from copper and may be produced by etching,
Gravure printing is used for long high - quality print runs such as magazines, mail order catalogs, packaging and printing onto fabric and wall paper.
It is also used for printing postage stamps and decorative plastic laminates such as into:
Digital Printing Printing at home or in an office or engineering section is subdivided Small format (up to ledger size paper sheets), as used in business offices and libraries establishments Wide format (upto 3rd or 1914 min wide rolls of paper), as used in drafting and design Some of the more common technologies are:
Line Printing : Where pre-formed characters are applied to the paper by lines.
Daisy Wheel: Where pre - formed characters applied individually.
Dot - Matrix : Which produces arbitary patters of dots with an array of printed stads.
Heat transfer: Like the old fax machines or modern printers that apply heat to special paper, which tums black to form the printed image.
Blue print. And co - related chemical technologies.
Inkjet: Including bubsle - jet where ink is sprayed into the paper to create the designed image.
Laser : Where toner consisting mainly of polymer with pigment of the desired colors is melted and applied directly to the paper to create the needed or desired image.
(iv) Reasons and results behind these changes:
Vendors in their own way increase the total cost to operate the equipment, involving complicated calculations which include all cost factors involved in the operation as also capital equipment costs, amortization, etc.Generally, toner systems beat inkjet in the long run, because inkjet are cheaper in purchase price.
Professional digital printer (using toner) is mainly used as electrical charge to transfer toner or liquid ink to the substance it is printed on digital printing quality has steadily improved from early color and black and white copiers to the sophisticated colored digital presses like the Xerox;
Gen 3, the Kodak Nexpress and the HP Indigo Digital press series. The igren 3 and Nexpress use toner particles and the Indigo uses liquied ink. All three are made for small runs and variable data, and rival offset in quality:
Digital offset presses are called direct imaging presses: although they receive the computer files and automatically turn them into print readly plates, they cannot insert variable data. Small press and magazines generally use digital printing.
Before to the introduction of cheap photo copying, the use of machines such as the spirit duplicator, hectograph, mieograph was common.
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