Chapter
4.Geography.
Mineral
and energy Resources
You
have already studied about natural resources, such as land, soil, water,
vegetatic wildlife. Now, let us study
about some other important natural resources, i.e. mineral and resources. MINERAL RESOURCES Mineral and energy
resources provide the foundation for economic and industrial development No
country can think of improving its standard of living without utilizing its
mineral and E resources. We have
evidences to prove how the advent of different metals have helped progress of
human civilisation during Copper Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. In the previous class, you have already read
about the layered structure of the earth, i.e the surface crust to the inner
core. The earth's crust, the outermost
solid shell of our pla composed of different kinds of rocks. even in today en mal encore date telli,
dependent on meel of our e do you know?
A Geologist is a scientist who studies composition and structure of
earth's crust. It is rela to the branch
of science called Geology. Geological
Survey of India is a premier resea organization of Government of India. It was set - up in 1851. It provides
information about ea science to the government, industry and public in
general. All rocks contain crystals of
naturally occuring chemicals called minerals.
The rocks do not have a fixed or definite mineral composition. Each type of rock is made from one particular
mineral or aggregation of more than one minerals. A mineral may be made of a single element or
a combination of more than one elements, called compound. Each mineral has its own special shape of a
crystal. These mineral crystals give the
rock its character of hardness, lustre and colors. Therefore, rocks may be hard or soft, and in
varied colors. Sandstone, limestone,
basalt and granite are some examples of rocks.
Different taypes of rock m 31
Minerals
are of different types. Generally,
minerals are classified on the basis of their propertie Real Examples Name
Crystal Shape Cubic - the most symmetrical crystal Halite Monoclinic - the most
commonly found crystal Gypsum Tetragonal - the elongated crystals Zircon Some
mineral crystals alongside real examples A rock having a large
concentration of a particular metal
mineral is called its ore, for example, iron ore, manganese ore, copper ore,
etc. The extraction of useful minerals
from rocks under the earth's surface is called mining. Minerals are extracted from mines only if the
concentration of a particular mineral is high, commercially viable and useful. Minerals are extracted by the processes of
mining, drilling and quarrying. ON
Extraction of Minerals Drilling Quarrying Mining Open Cast Mining Shaft Mining
Open Cast Mining Shaft Mining Types of Minerals 32
Types
of Minerals Metallic Non - Metallic Mineral Fuels e It a Ferrous Non - Ferrous
Building Industrial Gems Coal Petroleum Gas material and stones Let us discuss
them in some detail. Metallic Minerals
They are hard substances with a shine Do You Know? or lustre.
Metal obtained from its ore can be molded into any shape. Metallic minerals can the metallic ore
contain impurities. be sub - divided
into categories: Smelting is the process done to remove • Ferrous Minerals:
They include iron ore the impurities from an ore. and manganese ore. Non - ferrous minerals: They contain metals
other than iron Ores of gold and silver are examples of non - ferrous
minerals. To improve the strength of a
metal, sometimes two or more metals are mixed.
This is called an alloy. For
example, brass is an alloy obtained from the mixture of copper and zinc. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, and
steel is an alloy of iron and manganese.
Non - metallic minerals They do not contain metals and are lighter than
metallic minerals. They cannot be molded
into different shapes. Generally, they
include • Building materials and stones: Sandstone, limestone, granite, basalt,
marble, etc. • Industrial: Mica,
sulphur, potash, salt. • Gems: Diamond,
topaz, garnet, emerald, etc. Mineral
Fuels They are used as sources of energy.
They are obtained from sedimentary rocks. Mineral fuels consist of coal (solid),
petroleum (liquid) and natural gas (gaseous).
Distribution of mineral resources The distribution of minerals is highly
uneven in the world. It depends on the
type of rocks available in a region.
Igneous and metamorphic rocks are rich in minerals like iron ore,
manganese ore, gold, silver, lead, etc.
Mineral fuels are restricted to sedimentary rocks. Sometimes agents of gradation, such as rivers
erode minerals from one region and deposit them somewhere else in the river beds. These are called placer deposits. The countries rich in minerals have a large
potential for industrial development.
The uneven distribution of minerals creates the global trade. es 33
Page
35.
Let us
now learn about some minerals. Tron:
Iron is the backbone of modern civilisation.
It is used for manufacturing machines, automobiles, rail tracks,
electric poles, constructing buildings, bridges, ship - building, weapons,
agricultural implements and articles of general use. Haematite and Magnetite are the major types
of iron ore The distribution of iron ore in the world is uneven. The countries having large reserves of iron
ore include Australia, Russia, Brazil, China, India, Ukraine, Canada and
Sweden. It is also found in Iran,
Kazakhstan, United States, South Africa and France. Copper: Copper is widely used in electric
goods, such as generators, wireless systems, electric motors, radio, telephone,
electric wires, refrigerators, utensils, etc.
Global copper reserves mainly occur in Chile, Australia, Peru, Mexico,
USA, China, Russia, Congo, Zambia and Canada.
Bauxite: Aluminum is obtained from bauxite ore. It is used in the manufacturing of electric
wires, aeroplanes, spare parts of vehicles, pipes, construction of escalators,
window frames, shutters, utensils and other household goods. Guinea, Australia, Brazil, Vietnam and
Jamaica have large reserves of bauxite.
It also occurs in Indonesia, Guyana, China, India, Suriname, Russia and
Kazakhstan. Name Iron ore Bauxite Copper
Raw Mineral Mineral Products Distribution of Minerals in India • Iron:
Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra have large
reserves of iron ore. • Bauxite: More
than half of India's bauxite reserves are in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. The other states which have rich reserves of
bauxite are Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. * Copper: It
is mainly found in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jharkhand. Mica: Major reserves are in Andhra Pradesh,
Jharkhand, Bihar, Rajasthan, Odisha and Maharashtra 35
Power
Plants. It is also produced through
non-conventional sources of energy, such as tidal energy Manganese: The main
reserves of this ore are in Odisha, Karnataka, Madhya Prades Maharashtra and
Andhra Pradesh. Limestone: It is found
in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Chhattisga Tamil Nadu
and Karnataka. Gold: There are deposits
of gold at Kolar mines in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhan Salt: It is
obtained from sea water in coastal areas, lakes in Rajasthan and Himachal
Prades Conservation of Minerals D3 Minerals are exhaustible resources. These resources are limited and unevenly
distribute per head consumption of minerals is higher in developed countries as
compared to the same developing countries.
Therefore, we need to use them economically and conserve them for futur
generations, the conservation of minerals does not mean preservation of
minerals. It implies that effort should
be made to use minerals in the best possible way, depending upon the industrial
nee and changing technological requirements.
Thus, conservation stands for sustainable development where a balance is
maintained between the economic development and the utilization of natura
resources, without causing damage to the environment. There is an urgent need to avoid the wastag
of minerals. The following measures can
be taken to conserve minerals: • Use of efficient methods of mining and
processing to minimize the wastage.
Recycling of mineral resources - use and reuse of scrap (metallic
waste). • Substituting the use of scarce
minerals by those found in abundance.
ENERGY RESOURCES We have read in earlier classes that 'energy is the
capacity to do a work. The different
ways to obtain energy is through sun, fire, electricity or burning of fossil
fuels. Energy is fundamental to the
quality o our lives. Now - a - days, we
are totally dependent on an uninterrupted and abundant supply of energy. IP Narora atomic station (Uttar Pradesh)
Thermal power plant at Neyveli (Tamil Nadu) Electricity is generated through
Thermal Power Plants, Nuclear Power Plants and Hydroelectri 36
solar
energy, wind energy and geothermal energy.
After generation, electricity is transmitted to the grid through
wires. Grid maintains the distribution
of energy in the surrounding regions. As
far as consumption of electricity is concerned, it is quite high in developed
countries like Japan and USA. Most of the
energy of the world is produced by using coal, mineral oil and natural gas. They are formed inside the earth by
decomposition of dead remains of plants and animals in the sedimentary
rocks. Hence, they are also called
fossil fuels. The flowchart given below
presents different types of energy sources.
Types of Energy Resources Conventional Sources Non - Conventional
Sources Coal Natural Petroleum / Gas Mineral Oil Tidal Biogas Hydro Thermal
Electric Energy Energy Solar Geothermal Wind Energy Energy Energy Energy
Nuclear Energy Do You Know? A source
'refers to the point of origin of something that simply provides what we are
looking for. In turn, the term
'resource' is a functional concept and refers to the utilisation of materials
which are valuable for accomplishing certain goals. Conventional Sources of Energy Conventional sources
of energy are traditional sources, which are widely in use. The highly popular conventional sources of
energy are coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectricity. All the other conventional energy resources
with the exception of hydroelectricity, are non-renewable. Let us discuss these resources in
detail. Coal: Coal is formed from the
plant cover buried under the sedimentary rocks.
Under the high temperature and pressure the plant cover gets carbonised
over thousands of years. The major types
of coal are anthracite, bituminous, lignite and peat. Anthracite is the hardest, brightest and best
quality of coal. It contains about 90%
carbon and emits little smoke. Coal is
widely used in iron and steel industry and thermal power stations. Moreover, it is also used as a raw material
in various chemical industries. Coal is
found in USA, Russia, China, Australia, India, Germany, Ukraine, Kazakhstan,
South Africa. in India, its reserves are
confined to the states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Madhya
Pradesh, Telengana and Maharashtra.page 37.
Petroleum
/ Mineral oil: It is widely used as a source of power. Petrol, diesel and kerose oil are the by -
products of Petroleum / Mineral oil. As
an industrial power, it is widely used run machines, generate electricity and
produce steam. Railway engines, motor
vehicles and ships depend on it for their fuel requirements. Do you know?
It is used as a lubricant in machines and petro chemical industries for
preparing rubber, petroleum is also called black gold. synthetic, fibers, etc. About 60% of the petroleum is obtained from
the Middle East regions around Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf and Red Sea
have the largest reserves of petroleum of the world. It is mainly obtained from south - west Asian
countries. The countries with the
world's largest oil reserves are Venezuela, South Arabia, Canada, Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, UAE, Russia, Libya, Nigeria and USA.
The petroleum reservoirs beneath the North Sea are extracted and used by
UK, Germany, Netherlands, Denmark and Oil drilling at Mumbai High Norway. In India, petroleum reserves are found in
Assam, Gujarat an offshore oilfield and off the coast of Maharashtra. They are also found in the delta regions of
Godavari and Krishna. Natural gas:
Natural gas is mostly obtained along with mineral oil. However, sometime exclusive gas resources are
also found. It is widely used to run
vehicles as CNG (Compresse Natural Gas).
Thoughout the world, it is transported by pipelines over great distances. Natural gas is found in Russia, Iran, Qatar,
USA, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, UAE, Venezuela an Nigeria. In India, it is found in Assam, offshore
regions of Gujarat and Maharashtra and along the east coast in the Godavari and
Krishna delta regions. Thermal power: A
thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is stean
driven. Water, on heating, turns into
steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrica generator to produce
electrical energy. This is called
thermal electricity hydel power: Rain water or river water stored in dams is
made to fall from heights. The falling
water flows through pipes inside the dam over turbine blades placed at the
bottom of the dam. The moving blades
then turn the generator to produce electricity.
This is called hydroelectricity.
The water discharged after the generation of electricity is used for
irrigation. One - fourth of the world's
electricity is produced by hydel power.
The leading Salal hydel power plant, J & K World: Coal and 39
producers
of hydel power in the world are Brazil, Norway and Paraguay For generating
hydroelectricity, large dams are required.
Hilly regions with perennial rivers are ideal for it. At the initial stage, it requires high
technology generator and huge capital investment. But, in the long run, it becomes a cheap
source of energy in many countries, such as Canada, China, India and Stator
Japan have developed their water resources to get Rofor Generator Shaft electricity. African countries have a great potential for
developing hydroelectricity, India has established turbine several multipurpose
river valley projects for generating hydroelectricity. Bhakra Nangal, Hirakud, Nagarjuna Wicket
Sagar and Sardar Sarovar are some of the examples. Gate Turbine Water Flow Non - Conventional
Sources of Energy Turbine Blades Non - conventional sources of energy are those
that Hydro turbine are more or less, still at an experimental stage. They are non - traditional. They are less expensive and do not have much
of adverse effect on the environment in future, the dependency on these
resources will increase manifolds. Solar
energy: Sun is the greatest source of unlimited energy. Specially, in the tropical zone it can be
tapped to get maximum output. Now - a -
days, solar energy is used for a number o purposes, such as solar cookers,
solar gysers, solar cars, solar dryers, solar lanterns, solar stree lighting
system, solar airconditioning, etc.
People are taking initiative to make it more cos effective. Canada, France, Germany, India, Japan and USA
are some of the countries doing research Do You Know? And promoting its utilization in their
countries, Solar the largest solar plant in India is located in Photovoltaic
(SPV) converts sunlight directly into electricity Gujarat. Solar water heater Solar inverter Solar
lights 40
Wind
energy: In the areas of high wind velocity, wind is used to generate
energy. Coastal areas are ideal for
it. Wind energy is mainly used for
pumping water, grinding grains, sailing and electricity generation. It is developed in coastal regions of
European countries (especially Netherlands), India, Japan and USA. In Tokyo, wind power is used to run the air
conditioning system of buildings. In
India, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu have a few windmills. Geothermal energy: The internal heat of the
earth generates geothermal energy. It is
more prominent in volcanically active areas, where frequency of hot springs, is
high. Some countries like Iceland,
India, Japan, New Zealand, Russia and USA are generating geothermal
energy. Basically, this energy is used
in cold storage plants, industries and for domestic purpose. In India, Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh is famous
for harnessing geothermal energy nuclear energy: it is obtained from energy
stored in nuclei of atoms of naturally occuring radioactive elements like
uranium and thorium, nuclear energy is an alternative to fossil fuels and can
reduce the emission of the greenhouse
gases. It is a very powerful and
efficient source of energy Do You Know?
Nuclear fission involving breeder reactors are considered a renewable
source because these constantly replenish available supply of nuclear fuel by
converting uranium 238 and thorium into isotopes of plutonium, which are again
used as nuclear fuel. The greatest
producers of nuclear energy are USA, France, Russia, South Korea, Germany,
China and Canada. In India, Jharkhand
and Rajasthan have large deposits of uranium and thorium is found in Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Odisha. Nuclear
power stations in India are located at Kaiga in Karnataka, Kalpakkam and
Kudunkulum in Tamil Nadu, Narora in UP, Ranapratap Sagar near Kota in Rajasthan
and Tarapur in Maharashtra. Tidal
Energy: Energy generated from tides is called tidal energy. Tidal energy can be harnessed by building
dams at narrow openings of the sea.
France, Russia and Gulf of Kachchh in India have huge tidal mill
farms. Biogas: Organic wastes, such as
dead plants, animal dung and kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel
called biogas. It is an excellent fuel
for cooking and lighting and produces huge amount of organic manure. Jon coming furture Bias dependence of energy
wed Biogas plant in India meg aners hulu 41
Now,
let us compare the conventional and non - conventional sources of energy
comparative study of Conventional and Non - Conventional Sources. Conventional
Sources Non - Conventional Sources 1. Traditional sources, e.g. coal, petroleum, non-conventional sources are
still at an natural gas and water experimental stage. Non - traditional, e.g. solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy
2. Except hydel power, these sources are these are renewable sources. non-renewable in nature. 3.
These are expensive to install and hard to these are less expensive to
install and easy to maintain. 4. Except
hydel power, these cause severe air These do not cause air pollution and are
pollution and related adverse effects on the largely eco-friendly. environment.
5. At present, there is a lot of dependency on them. In future, the dependency on these sources
will increase conservation of energy resources Conservation of energy resources
is required because of the rapid depletion and very slow regeneration of the
exhaustible sources of energy, i.e.
coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Due to the growing population, consumption of energy resources has
increased manifolds. The fossil fuels
are non - renewable in nature, rampant exploitation of non - renewable
resources like coal and petroleum can lead to energy crisis. Scarcity of conventional resources of energy
is referred to as energy crisis. The
rate of consumption of energy sources is more than the rate of their
formation. Therefore, we need to conserve
energy resources. It does not mean the
curtailment of energy consumption, but to restrict unnecessary wasteful
consumption of energy. Non conventional
sources of energy 42
The
following measures can be taken to conserve energy resources Use of LED bulbs
and tubelights. Use public
transport. • Switch off the light and
fans when not in use. • Use of power
saving electronic devices. • Use of non
- conventional sources of energy, l.e.
solar light, solar torch, solar gyser, etc.: • Use of automatic
electronic power saver. It saves
approximately 30% electricity bill. Do
you know? In India, some states like
Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh give some benefits on electric bills
for using non - conventional sources of energy like solar panels. Keywords • Drilling the process of extraction
of minerals in which narrow but very deep wells are bored to extract liquids
and gases, like petroleum and natural gas.
electrical grid, it is an interconnected network for delivering
electricity from suppliers to consumers.
open cast mining: the extraction of minerals from just below the ground
surface by removing the surface layers.
perennial river: a river that has continuous flow all the year
round. quarrying an open excavation from
which rock, clay or sand is obtai to be used as building and construction
material. shaft mining the extraction of
minerals from under the ground by sinking a vertical shaft into the ground and
then cutting horizontal tunnels to reach ore or minerals that lie at great
depth. 43
Chapter 4.
Mineral and energy Resources
You have already studied about natural resources, such as land, soil, water, vegetatic wildlife. Now, let us study about some other important natural resources, i.e. mineral and resources. MINERAL RESOURCES Mineral and energy resources provide the foundation for economic and industrial development No country can think of improving its standard of living without utilizing its mineral and E resources. We have evidences to prove how the advent of different metals have helped progress of human civilisation during Copper Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. In the previous class, you have already read about the layered structure of the earth, i.e the surface crust to the inner core. The earth's crust, the outermost solid shell of our pla composed of different kinds of rocks. even in today en mal encore date telli, dependent on meel of our e do you know? A Geologist is a scientist who studies composition and structure of earth's crust. It is rela to the branch of science called Geology. Geological Survey of India is a premier resea organization of Government of India. It was set - up in 1851. It provides information about ea science to the government, industry and public in general. All rocks contain crystals of naturally occuring chemicals called minerals. The rocks do not have a fixed or definite mineral composition. Each type of rock is made from one particular mineral or aggregation of more than one minerals. A mineral may be made of a single element or a combination of more than one elements, called compound. Each mineral has its own special shape of a crystal. These mineral crystals give the rock its character of hardness, lustre and colors. Therefore, rocks may be hard or soft, and in varied colors. Sandstone, limestone, basalt and granite are some examples of rocks. Different types of rock m 31
Page 35.
Let us now learn about some minerals. Tron: Iron is the backbone of modern civilisation. It is used for manufacturing machines, automobiles, rail tracks, electric poles, constructing buildings, bridges, ship - building, weapons, agricultural implements and articles of general use. Haematite and Magnetite are the major types of iron ore The distribution of iron ore in the world is uneven. The countries having large reserves of iron ore include Australia, Russia, Brazil, China, India, Ukraine, Canada and Sweden. It is also found in Iran, Kazakhstan, United States, South Africa and France. Copper: Copper is widely used in electric goods, such as generators, wireless systems, electric motors, radio, telephone, electric wires, refrigerators, utensils, etc. Global copper reserves mainly occur in Chile, Australia, Peru, Mexico, USA, China, Russia, Congo, Zambia and Canada. Bauxite: Aluminum is obtained from bauxite ore. It is used in the manufacturing of electric wires, aeroplanes, spare parts of vehicles, pipes, construction of escalators, window frames, shutters, utensils and other household goods. Guinea, Australia, Brazil, Vietnam and Jamaica have large reserves of bauxite. It also occurs in Indonesia, Guyana, China, India, Suriname, Russia and Kazakhstan. Name Iron ore Bauxite Copper Raw Mineral Mineral Products Distribution of Minerals in India • Iron: Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra have large reserves of iron ore. • Bauxite: More than half of India's bauxite reserves are in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. The other states which have rich reserves of bauxite are Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. * Copper: It is mainly found in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jharkhand. Mica: Major reserves are in Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Rajasthan, Odisha and Maharashtra 35
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