Chapter
5.Geography.
Agriculture.
Agriculture
egon M In the previous chapters, we have read about the importance of various
resources like land, soil, water, plants, etc.
In this chapter, we will study about agriculture and its importance
mankind. We know food is the basic
requirement of human beings for their survival.
This requirement of food has led to the development of agriculture. Earlier, human beings were dependent upon
food gathering, hunting and fishing for their survival. Gradually, they started growing crops along
the river valleys which led to the beginning of agriculture. It helped ancient civilisations to flourish
along the river valleys. Agriculture
means cultivation of land. In Humans as
food gatherers wider terms, agriculture is the science and art of raising
crops, rearing of livestock, forestry and fishing IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE 02
Most of the population of the world still depends on agriculture for its
livelihood. It is a major occupation of
people in the developing countries of the world. India is an agricultural country. Hence, it is the backbone of our country's
economic development. Agriculture not
only supplies food to the people but also creates huge market for tractors,
threshers, harvesters, fertilizers, pesticides and other agriculture with
modern techniques industrial products.
It helps in providing employment, eradicating poverty, enhancing trade
and earning foreign exchange.
Agriculture also plays an important role in strengthening global
relations by encouraging international trade of agricultural products, 47
Do you
know? Jhumming is a type of shifting
agriculture practiced in North - East India, especially in Mizoram It is man's
primitive method of harmonizing land and climate with his need for food along
with a habitat shared with wildlife t 3. Intensive subsistence agriculture:
This type of agriculture is
characterized by high output pa unit of land.
Although the nature of this agriculture has changed and in many areas,
it is no more subsistent, still the term 'intensive subsistence' is used to
describe the agriculture practiced on sma plots of land in thickly populated
parts of the world, especially in the Monsoon
regions of South South - East and East Asia. The peasants are so land hungry that every
bit of tillable land is utilized for agriculture, there is intensive use of
land, multiple cropping, heavy use of manual labor, but a little use of farm
machinery and variety of manures and fertilizers. During recent decades, intensive agriculture
has registered a significant improvement due to mechanization and use of
improved seeds and fertilizers. The
countries like China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Korea, Philippines and Taiwan
have adopted improved system of intensive agriculture. Intensive agriculture commercial agriculture
qan commercial agriculture is typically done on a very large scale with the
purpose of selling the produce in the market to make profits. Therefore, farmers select and sow a single
crop according to the natural (geographical) and market conditions of the
region. It is a specialized form of
agriculture which is practiced on very large size farms. It is also called crop specialization. This type of agriculture is broadly divided
into extensive agriculture, plantation agriculture, livestock ranching and
dairy farming 1. Extensive agriculture: It is practiced in developed countries,
such as Australia, Canada, Russia and USA.
Agriculture is done on a large scale on big land holdings by using
modern machines. It is generally
practiced in sparsely populated regions, where land is available in abundance
and the input of labor is less. Total
production is large but per hectare yield is comparatively less. Farmers mostly raise one or two crops a year
for marketing. Corn, oats, wheat and
oilseeds are the main crops of extensive agriculture. Proper storage facilities are required to
store the yield Extensive agriculture 50
FACTORS
AFFECTING AGRICULTURE Agricultural development is possible only in certain
regions of the world. It is influenced
by the various physical and economic factors.
They are: 1. Physical or Geographical Factors: Relief: Plains are more
suitable for agriculture than the highlands.
Density of population is generally high in plains. This helps in providing cheap labor and market
for farm products. Moreover, it became
easier to use modern equipment on plain regions, whereas it is difficult to use
machines on ruggen topography. The river
basins and deltas are more suitable for agriculture than mountainous regions,
climate: agriculture is highly sensitive to climate variability. Each crop has its own requiremen of
temperature and rainfall. That is why,
the variation in climatic conditions supports different crop patterns. For example, wheat is a crop of temperate
region and rice grows well in tropical regions.
Growing season is long in equatorial and tropical regions as compared to
the same in temperate regions Soil: Soil rich in minerals and organic matter
supports agriculture. Chemical
composition and fertility of soil differs from place to place which leads to
variation in soil type. Each crop has
its own requirement of soil. According
to the soil type, a large variety of crops are grown in different parts of the
world. Alluvial soil and black soil are
the most fertile soils for agriculture.
2. Economic Factors: Size of land holdings: The size of farms affects
the agricultural pattern and the yield per unit hectare. In the densely populated areas of the
developing countries, the farm size is generally very small due to growing
rural population and the law of succession which leads to fragmentation of
land. The small fields are mostly not
economical. Labor: The availability of
labor has great influence on cropping pattern of a region. The labor requirement varies with different
crops. In many parts of India, seasonal
unemployment exists in rural areas, whereas during the periods of sowing and
harvesting, there could be shortage of labor.
The farmers of Punjab greatly depend on migrant labourers for growing
wheat and rice crops. Capital: All
agricultural inputs, like the HYV seeds, means of irrigation, fertilizers,
pesticides, hiring labor, machines, land lease, fodder, fuel, power and
veterinary services, require capital.
The cultivation of commercial crops using new technologies requires more
capital than required in the traditional way of cultivation. Do you know?
HYV seeds stand for High Yield Variety seeds. These seeds can produce up to ten times more
crops than regular seeds on the same area of land. These seeds have shorter lifecycle and enable
the farmers to practice multiple cropping.
The HYV seeds, specially for food grain crops, were developed by
scientists basically to improve food supplies and reduce famine in developing
countries. 48
TYPES OF
AGRICULTURE Due to varying environmental conditions in the world, many patterns
of agriculture have emerged. Basically,
they depend upon the terrain, climatic conditions and economic background. Broadly, agriculture may be divided into two
categories, le. Subsistence agriculture
and commercial agriculture, before we discuss them into detail, let us have a
look at the following classification, Types of Agriculture Subsistence
Agriculture Commercial Agriculture Nomadic herding Shifting Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture Extensive Plantation Agriculture Agriculture
Livestock Dairy ranching farming in
detail. Subsistence agriculture is the
earliest type of farming which is carried out at small scale by a farmer to
grow food for personal or community consumption. In this type of agriculture farmers grow a
wide range of crops based on the anticipated needs of their families or the
community. Many farmers trade their
excess crops and livestock for buying required goods. This type of agriculture is still common in
less developed parts of the world.
Subsistence agriculture includes nomadicherding, shifting agriculture
and intensive rate subsistence agriculture 1. Nomadic herding: People migrate
along with their animals from one place to another in search of fodder for
their animals. Generally, they rear
cattle, sheep, goats, camels and yaks for milk, skin, meat and wool. It is common in parts of Central and Western
Asia, East and South - West Africa and Northern Eurasia. In India, Nomadic herding Bhotiyas and
Gujjars are the nomadic tribes of Himalayas, agron 2. Shifting agriculture:
Shifting agriculture is also called slash and burn agriculture. After the soil loses its fertility, the land
is abandoned and the cultivators move to a new plot. People cultivate the land with simple
tools. Per hectare yield is low. People who follow shifting agriculture do not
lead a settled life. It is prevalent in
dense forests of tropical Africa, South - East Asia and some parts of North -
East India. Crops like cassava, maize,
sweet potato and tapioca are grown in this type of farming, shifting
agriculture 49
TYPES OF
AGRICULTURE Due to varying environmental conditions in the world, many patterns
of agriculture have emerged. Basically,
they depend upon the terrain, climatic conditions and economic background. Broadly, agriculture may be divided into two
categories, i.e. Before we discuss them
into detail, let us have a look at the following classification. Types of Agriculture Subsistence Agriculture
Commercial Agriculture Nomadic herding Shifting Agriculture Intensive
Subsistence Agriculture Extensive Plantation Agriculture Agriculture Livestock
ranching Dairy farming Let us now discuss them in detail. 1 Subsistence Agriculture Ut is the earliest
type of farming which is carried out at small scale by a farmer to grow food
for personal or community consumption.
In this type of agriculture, farmers grow a wide range of crops based on
the anticipated needs of their families or the community. Many farmers trade their excess crops and
livestock for buying required goods.
This type of agriculture is still common in less developed parts of the
world. Subsistence agriculture includes
nomadicherding, shifting agriculture and intensive subsistence agriculture.no
1. Nomadic herding: People migrate along with their animals from one place to
another in search of fodder for their animals.
Generally, they rear cattle, sheep, goats, camels and yaks for milk,
skin, meat and wool. It is common parts
of Central and Western Asia, East and South - West Africa and Northern
Eurasia. In India, Nomadic herding
Bhotiyas and Gujjars are the nomadic tribes of Himalayas.com 2. Shifting
agriculture: Shifting agriculture is also called slash and burn
agriculture. After the soil loses its
fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivators move to a new plot. People cultivate the land with simple
tools. Per hectare yield is low. People who follow shifting agriculture do not
lead a settled life. It is prevalent in
dense forests of tropical Africa, South - East Asia and some parts of North -
East India. Crops like cassava, maize,
sweet potato and tapioca are grown in this type of farming. Shifting agriculture 49
When
animals are reared along with the cultivation of land, it is known as mixed
farming. Both food crops and fodder are
cultivated. This gives a boost to the
income of the farmers. It is common in
Argentina, Eastern USA, New Zealand, South Africa, South - East Asia including
India, South East Australia and Western Europe, Do You Know? Mixed farming (Paddy Duck Fish) Organic
farming has become very popular in recent times. It uses organic manure and natural
pesticides. No fertilizers, chemicals or
genetic modifications are used to increase the size or quality of produce 2.
Plantation agriculture: Plantation is a large farm or estate usually in a tropical
or sub - tropical country, where crops are grown for sale in distant markets
rather than local consumption. It is a very well - organized system of
agriculture wherein a single crop farming is done. Under this system, benefit of single crop is
obtained continuously for several years.
It requires huge capital investment, scientific method of farming,
transport facilities, efficient management and skilled but low cost labor in
large number. Plantation Tea plantation,
India agriculture is commonly practiced in hot and humid regions of the
world. It includes crops like coffee,
rubber and tea. Most of the processing
work is done at the plantation site itself.
3. Livestock ranching: Livestock ranching is also a part of commercial
agriculture. It is the commercial
grazing of farm animals over an extensive area.
It is mostly adapted in arid or semi-arid temperate regions where the
soil is too poor to support crops, and the population is sparse. This activity is common to the grasslands of
America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The ranches are usually fenced with barbed
wire. The major types of livestock are
sheep, cattle, goats and horses. The
livestock products, such as meat, wool, hides, skins, etc. , are chiefly exported to different parts of
the world. Sheep station, Australia 4.
Dairy farming: It is a specialized form of agriculture for the large scale
production of milk. It is a labor
intensive activity. Worldwide, India is
the largest milk producer and New Zealand is the largest cow milk
exporter. 51
MAJOR
CROPS On the basis of their use, major crops of the world are classified into
1. Cereals 2. Fiber crops 3. Beverage crops Let us learn about them in
detail. 1. Cereals They include rice,
wheat, maize and millets, Rice D Soil type: Alluvial loamy and clayey soils are
ideal for rice cultivation Temperature: 24 ° C or above with minor variations
during sowing, growing and harvesting seasons.
Rainfall: Rice flourishes well in the areas where rainfall is above 100
cm Areas: Deltas, river valleys, coastal plains and terraced rice field fields
in mountainous regions are ideal for cultivation of rice. Rice producing areas in Do You Know? The World: China leads the production of rice
followed by Crop Leading Exporters Rice Thailand and Vietnam India, Indonesia,
Bangladesh, Wheat Canada and USA Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar and Maize China,
France and USA Japan. Tea China, India,
Kenya, Sri Lanka Rice producing areas in Cotton Australia, USA and Uzbekistan
India: India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after
China. Rice is mainly cultivated in
India in the states of West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telengana,
Punjab, Odisha, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Tamil Nadu. Wheat Soil 1 type: Loamy soil is
required. Temperature: The ideal
temperature for wheat at the time of sowing is 10 ° –15 ° C and at the time of harvesting
is 20–25 ° C. 53
Rainfall:
It grows well in 75-100 cm of rainfall.
Harvest period should be frost free.
Areas: Mid - latitudinal and dry sub - tropical regions are ideal for
its cultivation. It is the main crop of
temperate regions. Wheat producing areas
in the World: Temperate grasslands of North America, South America and Central
Eurasia, China, India, Russia, USA, France, Canada, Germany, Pakistan,
Australia, and Ukraine are leading wheat producing countries of the world. Wheat harvesting Wheat producing areas in
India: Wheat cultivation is mainly confined to the Northern and Central regions
of India. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya
Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar, Gujarat and Maharashtra are the major wheat
producing states. Maize Soil type: Maize
generally grows well in areas of well - drained alluvial soil. Temperature: It grows well in 21-27 ° C. Rainfall: Rainfall requirement
is 50-100 cm. In areas of less rainfall,
it is grown under irrigation. Areas in
the World: USA, China, Brazil, India, Argentina, Ukraine, Mexico, Indonesia,
France and South Africa are the major countries. It is known as corn in the USA Areas in
India: In India, maize is cultivated in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Telengana, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. It is known as makka in India. Maize Millets Soil type: They are grown on
soils of poor quality. Temperature: They
grow well in 18-32 °
C. Rainfall: Rainfall requirement is
about 30-75 cm. Areas in the World:
India, Nigeria, Niger, China, Mali, Burkina Faso, Sudan and Ethiopia are the
main countries. illets 54
Areas in
India: Millets include coarse grains like jowar, bajra and ragi. These are used both as food grain and as
fodder. Jowar is mainly cultivated in
the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and
Telengana, whereas bajra is grown in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan and Haryana. Ragi is mostly grown
in Karnataka, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Maharastra,
Uttarakhand, Gujarat and Goa. Do you
know? 2. Fiber Crops Fibers can be
divided into two categories on the basis of origin - natural fiber and
artificial fiber. Natural fibers are
cotton, jute, natural silk and wool.
Artificial fibers are rayon, nylon and terricot. Egypt produces one of the finest cotton in
the world. Cotton Soil type: Alluvial
and black soil are ideal for its cultivation.
Temperature: It is a crop of tropical and sub tropical regions. It requires 30-40 ° C temperature. Rainfall: It grows well in regions of 60-100
cm of annual rainfall. During the
harvesting period weather should be dry, frost free and sunny. Areas in the World: China, India, USA, Pakistan
Brazil, Uzbekistan, Turkey and Australia are the main countries. Cotton plant Areas in India: Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana are the main cotton producing
states. Cheap and efficient labor is
required for plucking cotton balls. It
is mainly grown under irrigation. Jute
Soil type: Alluvial soil found in river delta is good for the crop. It grows well in flood plains. Temperature: Jute crop requires more than 25 ° C temperature. Rainfall: Annual rainfall should be more than
150 cm. Jute 55
Do you
know? Areas in the World: India,
Bangladesh, China, Ivory Coast, Thailand, Myanmar and Brazil are the main
countries. Area in India: India is one
of the leading producers. In India, jute
is cultivated in Ganga - Brahmaputra delta of West Bengal. Also, Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya and Odisha are
jute producing states. b. Retting is a process by which the fiber is
separated from the plant stem by decaying them in water • The demand for jute is
continuously decreasing because of its high cost and easy availability of cheap
synthetic substitutes. 3. Beverage Crops
Tea and Coffee are two important beverage crops. Tea Soil type: A deep well - drained fertile alluvial
soil is good for the crop. Temperature:
It grows well in hot and humid conditions of the tropical and sub - tropical
regions. Temperature requirement is
20-30 ° C.
Rainfall: It needs 150-300 cm of annual rainfall. Hilly slopes are ideal for its
cultivation. Areas in the World: China,
India, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Indonesia, Vietnam, Japan, Iran and Argentina
are the leading producers of tea. Areas
in India: Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal are major tea producing
states. Tea plantation Do You Know? It was the British who started Tea Plantation
in India. Coffee Soil type: Coffee needs
well - drained, fertile soil in the hilly slopes. Temperature: Coffee plant needs hot and humid
climate. The ideal temperature for its
cultivation is 15-28 * C. Rainfall: Rainfall requirement is 150-200 cm. Irrigation is required where the annual
rainfall is less than 100 cm. Coffee
beans 57
countries. Areas in the World: Brazil is the leading
producer of coffee in the world.
Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, India, Honduras, Uganda and
Mexico are the other main coffee producing Tamil Nadu. Areas in India: Major coffee producing states
of India are hilly regions of Karnataka, Kerala and AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Food is essential for the growth of all human beings. With the growth of population in the
population was less than the world, the demand of food has also increased. Earlier, people had surplus food because
production. With the passage of time,
population explosion has increased the pressure on land to produce more
food. This situation compelled the
people to develop new techniques of agriculture so that productivity could be
increased. The farmers started using HYV
of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides and modern equipments. Now, some countries have developed
genetically modified crops through biotechnology mechanized pesticide sprayer
biotechnology involves the use of living organisms and bio - processes in
engineering, technology, medicine, etc.
It also covers genetic engineering, cell and tissue, culture
technologies, manufacture of drugs, environmental management, etc. In this, the higher yield is produced by
introducing foreign genes from different species. It has more nutritional value, better flavor
and color in the food. The use of
genetically modified crops is still limited.
Scientists believe that genetically modified crops can help the
environment by reducing the problem of pesticides. Critics of biotechnology are worried about
the adverse effects of genetically modified crops on the environment. In developing countries, manual labor is used
for most of the agricultural activities, whereas in developed countries,
agriculture is highly mechanized. Most
of the population of the developing countries is engaged in agriculture and its
allied activities. However, the ratio of
population in agriculture is minimum in developed countries like Canada and
USA. 59
With the
help of the following table, let us understand the difference between
agricultur practices in developed and developing countries. A Comparative Study of Agricultural Farms in
the USA and India A Farm in the USA A Farm in India 1. Size of farm 2. Capital
Large farms but yield per hectare is Small land holdings but yield per
comparatively low. hectare is high. High capital invesment. Comparatively low capital investmen which is
mainly borrowed from banks money lenders.
Produce is meant for national and produce is meant for local market due
to international market as storage to lack of storage facilities. facilities are adequate. Skilled.
Unskilled 3. Market 4. Labor 5. Mechanization Extensive use of tractors,
combined traditional methods, limited use harvesters and threshers. of machines, still using bullocks to plough
the field. 6. Technology Extensive use
of advanced technology. Marginal use of
modern technology. Keywords alluvial
soil: a fine - grained fertile soil deposited by river water flowing over flood
plains or in river beds capital it refers to the funds raised to support a
particular economic activity, business or project. clayey soil: the soil which has high
percentage of fine grained sedimentary material with particles smaller than
0.002 millimeters in diameter. This soil
becomes sticky when wet and hard when dry, Eurasia: combined continental
landmass of Europe and Asia. loamy soil
composed of a sand silt, a smaller amount of clay and organic matter. The soil's texture. especially its ability to retain nutrients
and water are significant. seasonal
unemployment: the unemployment that occurs when there is a limited need for a
type of work to be performed during a particular period of the year due to
factors like climate, etc. topography:
the study of the shape and features of the surface of the earth. 60
Manufacturing
Industries The literal meaning of manufacturing is 'to make a product by hand',
but it has attained a wider meaning in the present scenario. The conversion of raw material into more
useful and valuable commodity with the help of machines or tools is called
manufacturing. The common example is
processing of iron ore to get steel, cotton to get cloth, wood to get pulp and
then, paper. It is important to
understand that more the raw Do You Know?
material is changed in its form through processing, greater is its value
and utility. For instance, the
industrial development is recognized as value and utility of iron ore increases
multifold a yardstick for measuring the economic when it is converted to
steel. Its value further development of
a country. enhances when it is
transformed into machines and tools.
IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES as Industry not only converts raw
material into a much useful finished product, but in this process, it performs
multiple tasks. ) In short, the
manufacturing process transforms natural resources into useful and saleable
products. It also generates scope for
employment and increases national earnings through local and foreign
trade. An industrial labourer earns more
wages than an agricultural labourer.
Thus, industries play an important role in making a country economically
prosperous. Manufacturing industry
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES Manufacturing industries are classified into
various groups on the basis of their size, nature of finished products, sources
of raw material and their ownership, 64
02 Study
the chart given below showing the classification of industries. Classification of Industries Size Ownership • Cottage or Household • Small Scale • Large Scale Nature of Finished
Products •
Basic • Consumer
Source of Raw Material •
Agro - based •
Forest based •
Animal based •
Mineral based Public Sector •
Private Sector •
Joint Sector •
Co - operative Sector Let us now discuss
them in detail. On the Basis of Size the
size of an industry is determined by the capital input, number of labourers
employed and the value of production.
Accordingly, these industries are sub - grouped into three categories:
Cottage or Household Industry: These are the smallest manufacturing units. In cottage industry, a craftsman manufactures
the goods by using locally available raw material. She / He carries out the work at home where
the family members join in making the goods, for example, potter, blacksmith,
weaver and craftsman, etc. Small Scale
Industry: Small scale industry is an extended form of a cottage industry. The manufacturing is done by machines in
addition to manpower. It requires small
machines driven by power, small amount of capital investment and less human
labor. The basic raw material is
obtained from outside, if not available in local market; and its finished products are sold in open
market through traders. For example,
paper goods, toys, furniture, edible oils, leather products, etc. Large Scale Industry: Large scale industry
uses heavy machinery, which is driven by power.
It requires a wide variety of raw materials, large scale investment and
work force to manufacture the final products.
The examples of such industries are iron and steel, textile, heavy
machines and tools, ship - building, petrochemicals, etc. Cottage industry Small scale industry Large
scale industry 65)
On the
Basis of Finished Products the industries are grouped into two
sub-categories. They are: Basic
Industry: Finished products of this industry are used as raw material for other
industries. For instance, iron and steel
industry produces steel which is used in the manufacturing of machine
tools. Thus, iron and steel industry
becomes a basic industry consumer goods industry: this industry produces 4 CO
goods for direct use by consumers.
Edible oils, tea, soap, bread, biscuits, radio, television, etc. , are some consumer goods industry of the
examples of consumer goods industry. On
the Basis of Source of Raw Material Forest based industry (paper mill) The
industries are grouped into four categories: Agro - based Industry: The
industries using agricultural products as their raw material are known as agro
- based industries like tea, sugar, cotton
textile, vegetable oil, etc.
Forest based Industry: The industries which use forest products as their
raw material are called forest based industry.
Paper, furniture, packing material, medicines from medicinal plants,
etc. , are the common examples of forest
based industry. Animal based industry:
These industries use animal products as raw material like milk, egg, leather,
fish, etc. Mineral based industry: These
industries are dependent on minerals as their raw material, for example, iron
and steel, copper smelting, petrochemical, cement, etc. Animal based industry on the Basis of
Ownership The industries are divided into four groups: Public Sector: When the
ownership and management of an industry is in the hands of the government or
its department, it is called public sector industry. The government establishes and 66
runs
these industrial units. Bhilai Steel
Plant, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd are some of the examples of the public
sector industry private sector: this type of industry is owned and managed by
an individual, family or a corporate body.
Individuals invest their own capital, or capital is raised through loans
or public issues to establish these industries and they manage them as private
enterprise, for example, TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Co.) at Jamshedpur,
Reliance at Ahmedabad and Vadodara, Birla Mills
at Delhi, etc. Joint Sector: It
is owned and managed jointly by the government and private sector. Some examples of such industries are Indian
Oil Ruchi Biofuels LLP, Indian Oil PETRONAS Private Ltd .. Avi - Oil India Ltd,
etc. Co-operative sector: It is owned
and managed by a group of people belonging to a co-operative society. Amul of Gujarat and Lijjat Papad of
Maharashtra (Women Co - operative) are some of the examples. Aaja munch le! 20995 Amul Show me your jalwa products from
Co - operative sector industry These days several Multi - National Companies
(MNCs) like Pepsi, Coca Cola, etc. , are
setting their operations in India. They
bring large foreign investment, better technology and produce standard quality
products at lower cost and thus, generate large competition in the local
(domestic) market and can become a threat to the country's own industry. FACTORS INFLUENCING LOCATION OF AN INDUSTRY
Each industry has different needs related to its raw materials, power,
transportation, capital, manufacturing process, skilled personnel including
distance to the trading center. Hence,
the location of an industry depends on those factors which have a bearing on
its efficient running and profitability both.
Usually, an industry is located at a place where it gets easy resources,
skilled manpower and lower investment cost and, therefore, generates maximum
profitability. Hence, a lot of planning
is involved before considering an industrial unit in a specific locality. The factors affecting location of an industry
are classified into two groups - geographical factors and non geographical
factors. 1. Geographical factors: These
include land, climate, availability of raw materials, means of power in order
to reach the market and also the sources where raw materials are
available. 67
Western
Asia, 7. Western and Southern Africa, and 8. Eastern region of South
America. D3 2. Non - geographical
factors: These include government policies, capital, management, banking labor
and developed means of transport and insurance, and above all, personal
preferences of the owners of the industry government policy labor market
industrial location climate raw material infrastructure capital Power.
Factors influencing location of an industry industries tend to be
located at places where favourable factors over - weigh the unfavourable
factors. We have learnt that an industry
needs sound infrastructure, well developed means of transport, strong financial
banking, wider market and favored government policies, apart from other basic
geographical factors. It has also been
observed that in order to take advantage of these favorable factors, other
industries also get attracted to that region making it a cluster of industrial
units which lays down the formation of an industrial region. The examples of such prominent industrial
regions in the world are: 1. Eastern region of North America, 2. Silicon Valley
of North America, 3. Western and Central Europe, 4. Eastern Asia, 5. Southern
and South - Eastern Asia, 6 Gulf region
of 68
In India,
the industries are unevenly distributed depending upon the range and
availability of natural resources as well as location of trading centers. Industrial regions in India are grouped as:
() Mumbai - Pune region, (ii) Hugli region, (III) Bengaluru - Tamil Nadu region
(iv) Gujarat (Ahmedabad Vadodara - Surat) region, () Chotanagpur region, (vi)
Gurgaon - Delhi - Meerut region (vii)
Vishakhapatnam Guntur region, (viii) Kollam - Thiruvananthapuram region. SOME MAJOR INDUSTRIES OF THE WORLD India:
Major Industrial Areas 1. Iron and Steel Industry Iron and steel industry is
the backbone of modern civilisation. It
provides industrial base for the manufacture of many other industrial products,
and thus, is known as the basic industry.
Iron ore occurs in abundance in many parts of the world. It is estimated that 65% machines and
utensils are made of steel. The iron and
steel industry is widely distributed in the world. In the USA, Alabama state, the Atlantic coast
and the Great Lakes region are the main producers. In Europe, it is well distributed in France,
Germany, Italy (Western Europe), UK and the Ural mountain region in
Russia. China, India and Japan are other
major producers of iron and steel in Asia.
Iron and steel industry The art of manufacturing iron and steel is
believed to be known to India over a thousand years before Chirst. The rust free iron pillar at Qutab Minar in
Delhi is a standing proof of the quality of the iron produced in this
country. The first modern iron and steel
industry was established in 1907, when Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was
set up at Sakchi (Jamshedur), now in Jharkhand state. At present, India has 10 major integrated
steel plants and 180 minor steel plants spread all over the country. Besides TISCO at Jamshedpur, the other
important steel manufacturing centers are Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO)
at Burnpur in West Bengal. Three steel
plants in the public sector are at Bhilai in Chhattisgarh, Rourkela in Odisha
and Durgapur in West Bengal. These are
under the management of Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL), an undertaking of
the Government of India. Numerous other
major and minor steel plants are spread all over peninsular India, which is
known for its large reserves of iron ore, coal and limestone. They are the essential raw materials used in
the manufacturing of iron and steel industries.
Presence of page. 71
steel
industries favourable factors like availability of raw material, thermal power,
cheap labor and proximity to the big markets make peninsular India an ideal
region for the concentration of large number of iron and Tata Iron and Steel
Company (TISCO), Jamshedpur: TISCO was established at Jamshedpur nearly over a hundred years ago
by Sir Jamshedji Tata. It had a
fascinating beginning as it led to founding of a new city by the late Jamshedji
Nusserwanji Tata at Sakchi which was named later as Jamshedpur. It is located in Singhbhum district of
Jharkhand state. This city enjoys
advantageous location as it is surrounded by beautiful Dalma hills of the Chotanagpur
plateau and Subernarekha and Kharkai rivers.
These rivers provide abundant water supply to the plant for its various
activities. The areas surrounding
Jamshedpur are rich in minerals, like coking coal from Jharia and iron ore,
limestone and manganese from Jamadoba, Noamundi and West Bokaro. It has its own thermal electricity plant and
the region is Sir Jamshedji Tata served by good road - rail network and is
within easy reach of Kolkata port.
Jamshedpur now serves as a major industrial city with a large range of
industries located here like truck manufacturing, tin plates, iron sheets,
locomotives, rails, wheels and sleepers for railways, besides manufacturing
iron and steel on a large scale. It
employs a large number of people and thus, generates wealth through
manufacturing activities in the region.
Tata Iron and Steel Plant, Jamshedpur Do You Know? World's major iron - ore producing countries
are - China, Australia, Brazil, India, Russia, South Africa, USA, Canada and
Sweden. 2. Cotton Textile Industry The
word, 'textile', is derived from a Latin word texere meaning 'to weave'. It is used broadly for cotton fiber, yarn,
jute and synthetic fibers. The textile
manufacturing is one of the oldest, diverse and most widespread industries in the
world. Despite the widespread
mechanization of textile and page 73
in many
parts of the world. The modern
mechanized textile industry was first developed in Britain (UK). Later, it was C spread to China, Europe,
India, Korea, Thailand, United States and the rest of the world. The textile industries in the world are
usually located where power and labor supplies are in abundance. At global level, Bangladesh, China, India,
Japan, Korea, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States and many countries of
Europe are important producers of textile products and export them to different
textile industry countries of the world.
India has an ancient tradition of producing cotton textiles. The hand woven cloth was reported to be
manufactured during the period of Indus Valley Civilization in India. Today, the cotton textile is the largest industry
in India. It gives employment to over 35
million persons, which means 20% of industrial labor is absorbed in this
industry. Now, let us compare the cotton
industry of Japan and India. Comparative
Study of Osaka (Japan) and Ahmedabad (India): Centers of Textile Industry Osaka
(Japan) Ahmedabad (India) Source of water supply River Yodo River Sabarmati
Source of raw material (cotton) Imports cotton from China, Gujarat Egypt and
USA In Early years, most of the cotton
textile mills were located in Gujarat and Maharashtra Availability of cotton,
humid climate, proximity to market and developed means of transpor have
contributed towards spread of this industry to over 80 towns and cities cities
of India. Som important centers in India
are Ahmedabad, Surat and Vadodrara in Gujarat;
Gwalior, Indore an Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh; Mumbai, Pune and Sholapur in
Maharashtra; Chennai, Coimbator and
Madurai in Tamil Nadu; Agra, Kanpur,
Modinagar and Moradabad in Uttar Pradesh, an Haora and Murshidabad in West Bengal. Cotton Textile Industry, Ahmedabad: Gujarat
is one of the leading industrial states in India, an textile industry, in
particular, has contributed in a big way to the industrialization of this
state. Th state is well - known for its
power - looms spinning, weaving and silk dyeing mills spread all over th
state. 75
ele tw
Ahmedabad used to be called the Manchester India because of the concentration
of a large number of cotton textile mills.
It is the second rgest textile industrial center after Mumbai. It is ing cated on the bank of River
Sabarmati in Gujarat. Be he city is
located in the heart of the cotton ce owing belt and has warm and humid climate
le which is favourable for spinning and weaving. has large domestic market and both skilled nd
unskilled labor is readily available.
The roximity to the nearby Kandla sea port favors cotton textile
industry arge concentration of textile mills in and around me town. Today, the city has over 60 mills, noted for
its superior quality cotton textile.
Howeve. Many units are falling
sick because of old machinery, low capital available for replacement of the
machines and lack of fiscal incentives from the state government. 3. Information Technology There has been a
fast development in ommunication system through telephone, elegraph, radio, fax
and computers which onnect people all over the world and facilitated
communication. This has made exchange of
mformation very fast and revolutionized the Entire world. We can also store information in computers
and related electronic equipments and etrieve it in no time. This entire system comes ander Information
Technology (IT). It also
includes-services that the IT industry can provide to people Information
Technology industry using sophisticated equipments / devices /
technologies. At present, BPO (Business
Process Outsource) has become popular to reduce overhead costs on production
and provide faster services in any part of the world. The history of IT services began with the
development of a digital electronic computer in the USA in 1946 for defense
purposes. This led to the development of
semi-conductor chips, and their application later in tele-communication devices
and computers led to a boom in IT sector.
An emi - conductor is a solid - state device which regulates the flow of
electricity, boosts and amplifies he electrical signals received. Thus, computers are made of thousands of such
semi-conductor chips which process, store and dessiminate information 76
in India,
the IT industry was established around 1984 through the development of digital
micro electronic devices. This improved
the tele-communication system in the country and in the last two decades it has
grown tremendously. Now, India exports
electronic goods worth millions. This
industry is growing so fast that it is providing employment to 10 million
people. Several cities like Bengaluru,
Chandigarh, Chennai, Gurgaon, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Pune, etc. , have become important centers of this
industry. With the rapid development of
IT industry, India has emerged as one of the leading players of IT sector in
the world. Now, let us compare the IT
Industries of USA and India. Comparative
Study of Silicon Valley (USA) and Bengaluru (India) the major hubs of
Information Technology Industry Silicon Valley (USA) Bengaluru (India) Location
California Karnataka Type of Labor Worldwide Indigenous Technical Staff
Woldwide Indigenous Information Technology, Bengaluru: Bengaluru is the
capital city of Karnataka. After independence, the city has emerged as a
major center of engineering education and consequently, has developed into a
manufacturing center of wide range of products like machine tools, scientific
equipments, aircrafts, electric motors, textile machinery and many other
important products. The emergence of
software production in India first started in and around Bengaluru. By now, many Multi - National Corporations,
especially computer hardware and software giants, have established their units
in Bengaluru. This city has recently
emerged as one of the leading centers of information technology in the
world. Today, the city of Bengaluru is
called The Silicon Valley of India. This
represents its unique position in this hi - tech global industry. A large pool of well - qualified and relatively
low cost scientific and technical personnel, proficient in English, represent
the ideal work force at Bengaluru which has made it competitive in global
economy. An ambient climate throughout
the year, good infrastructure and communication network. ) besides a host of social and cultural
amenities make Bengaluru an attractive location for the employment of multi -
national Bengaluru: India's Silicon Valley Software professionals. 77
The
software technology park in Bengaluru was started with a handful of companies
in the ye 1991; It grew to 183
registered units by 1998, and rose to over 200 units in the city by the year
2001 This cluster of units consists of small, medium and large companies
including foreign firms, sur as Motorola, Indian owned ones, such as Infosys
and Wipro and Joint ventures, such as
PSI das system. Thus, in the IT arena,
Bengaluru has seen rapid growth and has earned internation recognition Software
Technology Park, Bengaluru Keywords.
fiscal incentive: tax measures offered to encourage industrial
development. infrastructure: the basic
systems and services that a society or an organization uses in order to work
effectively. management the process of
dealing with or controlling things or people in order to achieve defined objectives. multi - national company: an enterprise
operating in several countries but managed from one (home) country technology:
the application of scientific knowledge in the design and production of
machinery and devices, especially in industry.
.page 78.
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