Chapter 13
Colonialism and Urban Changes.
Colonialism and Urban Changes.
Something To Know
A. Tick ( )the correct option .
1 . Which one of the following was not a Presidency Town during the British period ?
( a ) Surat
A. Tick ( )the correct option .
1 . Which one of the following was not a Presidency Town during the British period ?
( a ) Surat
( b ) Bombay
( c ) Calcutta
( d ) Madras
2 . The British shifted their capital from Calcutta to which other place in 1911 ?
( a ) Shimla
2 . The British shifted their capital from Calcutta to which other place in 1911 ?
( a ) Shimla
( b ) Madras
( c ) Bombay
( d ) New Delhi
3. Which one of the following did not happen due to the introduction of railways in India ?
( a ) awareness against social evils .
3. Which one of the following did not happen due to the introduction of railways in India ?
( a ) awareness against social evils .
( b ) freedom from foreign exploitation .
( c ) aroused the need for modern education .
( d ) divided the Indian society .
4. Employment opportunities of Calcutta increased many times due to
( a ) building infrastructure facilities .
( b ) its location in the east of India .
( c ) its nearness to the sea .
( d ) migration of people from other cities .
5. Which one of the following was not an objective of the New Delhi Municipal Committee set - up by the Britishers ?
( a ) To provide an underground sewer system .
( b ) To construct more open nallas to drain out water .
( c ) To provide medical and public health facilities
( d ) To introduce a proper water supply system .
4. Employment opportunities of Calcutta increased many times due to
( a ) building infrastructure facilities .
( b ) its location in the east of India .
( c ) its nearness to the sea .
( d ) migration of people from other cities .
5. Which one of the following was not an objective of the New Delhi Municipal Committee set - up by the Britishers ?
( a ) To provide an underground sewer system .
( b ) To construct more open nallas to drain out water .
( c ) To provide medical and public health facilities
( d ) To introduce a proper water supply system .
B. Fill in the blanks.
1.The great literary figures like R.N.Tagore , Aurbindo Ghosh and Sarojini Naidu were influenced by the English pattern of writing .
2.Many huge architectural wonders were built in the port city of Madras by the Britishers
3 Many English painters arrived in India in search of princely patronage.
4.Calcutta was the imperial capital of the British, whereas their summer capital was Shimla
5.Delhi Development Authority was set - up in 1955 to develop and manage land in Delhi.
C. Match the following.
1.Relocation of New Delhi as the British capital. (a)1877
2 Formation of Delhi Municipal Committee. (b) 1946
3 Delhi Durbar for Queen Victoria. (c) 1863
4.Beginning of Indian Railways. (d) 1911
5.Restructuring of Delhi Police. (e) 1853
Answer 1.(d) 1911 2.(c) 1863 3.(a)1877 4.(e) 1853 5.(b) 1946
(D).Answer the following questions in brief.
1 Why did the British introduce railways in India? Explain any three reasons.
Answer : Following are three of the reasons, for what the British introduced railways in India: (a) Political advantage : for the benefit in the British administration.
(b) Commercial purpose for the easy expansion of British trade under commercial advantages. They could collect raw materials from fields and mines.
(c) Defence purpose for the political control of British government they could safeguard their possessions in India.
2. Describe the police organization of Lord Cornwallis.
Answer : In 1857 the British laid down the foundation of a systematic police system under Indian Police Act.
Lord Cornwallis organised the police into a regular force.
A Superintendent of Police looked after each district with the assistance of a Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP).
Each district was divided into thanas under darogas.
Villages and towns were looked after by the chowkidars and kotwals.
3. Highlight any three major improvements that took place in Delhi before the Delhi Durbar of 1877.
Answer : Following are three of the major improvements that took place in Delhi before the Delhi Durbar of 1877:
(a) The drainage system was improved, along with the construction of new roads to modify the transportation.
(b) The Chandni Chowk canal was also filled up.
(c)The supply of piped water and sewerage system were started along with development of the residential areas.
4. How did some old trading centers lose their glory and became de - urbanised?
Answer : Many towns, that had been popular earlier for some specialised goods, lost their glory because of the decline demand for their products.
The old trading centres and ports were replaced by new trade centres and ports. As the old sea port Surat was de urbanised.
De-urbanisation of nineteenth century destroyed many old trading centres and made their officials unemployed.
5. What type of discrimination did the people of Calcutta experience after it became the British capital in India?
Answer : The people of Calcutta experienced many types of discrimination such as :
(a) The name given to the British part of Calcutta was “White Town”, and the name given to the Indian part of Calcutta was “Black Town”. Actually, it is a type of racial discrimination.
(b) The part which was associated to White Town (Britishers part) was very big as compared to the Black Town (Indian part).
(c) The White Town had many large buildings and huge villas with big open spaces and car parking. But, the Black Town had very congested spaces and no well built apartments/flats/villas there were most of the slums.
E. Answer the following questions.
1. The British successfully influenced painting, literature and architecture of India.'Give examples to support this statement.
British Impact On Indian Painting,Literature and Architecture.
Answer : The art , architecture , painting , literature , poetry , drama , novels and even Indian religion and philosophy were greatly influenced by the western contact.
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| Raja Ravi Verma. |
Such paintings had themes of Indian royal courts , flora and fauna .
Indian painters also changed their selection of themes and medium of painting .
The eminent Indian painters like Raja Ravi Varma , Abanindranath Thakur , Jamini Roy , etc. , were greatly influenced by the Western style of painting .
The eminent Indian painters like Raja Ravi Varma , Abanindranath Thakur , Jamini Roy , etc. , were greatly influenced by the Western style of painting .
2 Describe any five major changes brought about in Delhi by the British before the development of New Delhi.
Answer : Shahjahan built a wall around a specific area of Delhi (now in Old Delhi) with 14 gates In 1639. It came to as the Walled City the Walled City.Delhi construction In 1805, the British took over lands, revenue and city administration of Delhi. They started acquiring more and more land for troops, camps, churches, hospitals,residences, clubs, etc.The cantonment occupied about one - third of the area of be known
Town Duties Committee In 1824, the era of urban planning began in Delhi when a Town Duties Committee was set - up by the Britishers for the development of the Cantonment, Khyber Pass, the Civil Lines and the Ridge area.
Delhi Municipal Committee. In 1863, Delhi Municipal Committee was formed. Its main achievements were shifting of the vegetable market outside the walled city, constructing railway lines, railway stations and road links.
Delhi Durbar of 1877 (for Queen Victoria) saw a lot of improvement like schemes for drainage, water supply, irrigation, road construction and development of residential areas in Delhi.
The canal in Chandni Chowk was filled up and trees were cut to cater to increasing traffic , especially, the trams. The most modernized developments of this time were piped water and sewerage of the walled city. Earlier, the drinking water was supplied to the old city from Ali Mardan Canal.
Raisina Municipal Committee In 1913. Later, the Chief Commissioner of Delhi created the Raisina Municipal Committee.Raisina Hill was selected for building the new capital - New Delhi.
3. Describe the distinct features of the city of Calcutta as developed by the British in India. Inspite of to why did the British shift their capital to New Delhi?
Answer : The British started with the urbanisation of Calcutta
By early nineteenth century, Calcutta, the capital of the British, came to be divided into two parts
(a) the British part was known as the White Town.
(b) the Indian part was known as the Black Town.
The Indian part was inhabited by the poor. It had congested streets and shanties, whereas the British part had sprawling bunglows and with wide open spaces.
The speedy industrial growth from 1850s in Calcutta, especially, in the field of textile and jute, attracted British investments.
They started building infrastructure facilities like railways, roads and telegraph lines. Henceforth, the population and employment opportunities of Calcutta increased tremendously.
As the size and population of the new urban areas expanded, a need for "Urban Local Bodies arose. Hence , in the nineteenth century, the Calcutta Municipal Corporation was established.
By early nineteenth century, Calcutta, the capital of the British, came to be divided into two parts
(a) the British part was known as the White Town.
(b) the Indian part was known as the Black Town.
The Indian part was inhabited by the poor. It had congested streets and shanties, whereas the British part had sprawling bunglows and with wide open spaces.
The speedy industrial growth from 1850s in Calcutta, especially, in the field of textile and jute, attracted British investments.
They started building infrastructure facilities like railways, roads and telegraph lines. Henceforth, the population and employment opportunities of Calcutta increased tremendously.
As the size and population of the new urban areas expanded, a need for "Urban Local Bodies arose. Hence , in the nineteenth century, the Calcutta Municipal Corporation was established.
Cause for shifting capital But Increasing political discontent all over India forced the British to relocate their capital to New Delhi in 1911 as it was more centrally located for administrative convenience.
4.Introduction of railways in India proved to be a blessing in disguise. Give three arguments in favour of and three against the statement.
Answer : Introduction of railways in India proved to be a blessing in disguise.As the British introduced the railway net work for their own benefit.In that support these arguments are as follows.
(a) Political advantage : for the benefit in the British administration.
(b) Commercial purpose for the easy expansion of British trade under commercial advantages. They could collect raw materials from fields and mines.
(c) Defence purpose : for the political control of British government they could safeguard their possessions in India.
However the advantages were for the Indians are
(a) Means of transportation were now available for us.
(b) Promotional thoughts were against the consevative thoughts as casteism,untouchbility and narrowmindedness.
(c) A quick possible pace of development in industrial set ups.
5 Describe the developmental activities discussed to construct and develop New Delhi as the new British Capital.
Answer : The British shifted their capital from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. The Delhi Durbar (for King George V) changed the look of the city. Civil Lines area (now Delhi University and Old Secretariat) was set - up.
The construction of the new capital was a massive task and hence, the construction and management could not be left to a local authority, therefore, the Imperial Delhi Committee was formed in 1913. Later, the Chief Commissioner of Delhi created the Raisina Municipal Committee.
Raisina Hill was selected for building the new capital - New Delhi. It became the residence of the Viceroy and the new administrative center. The English town planners, especially,
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| old Secretariat,India Gate. |
Raisina Hill was selected for building the new capital - New Delhi. It became the residence of the Viceroy and the new administrative center. The English town planners, especially,
Edwin Lutyens, prepared the architectural design for the palace of the Viceroy, called the Viceroy's House (now Rashtrapati Bhawan), Circular Pillar Palace (Parliament House) Kingsway (Rajpath) and War Memorial (India Gate) along with many green spaces, parks and gardens,
The New Delhi Municipal Committee (NDMC) was set - up to look after all the civic amenities like water supply, electricity, buildings, roads, sewers, medical and public health of the capital. It provided an underground sewer system in the whole area. All big, open nallas were covered as they were the breeding grounds of mosquitoes.
The New Delhi Municipal Committee (NDMC) was set - up to look after all the civic amenities like water supply, electricity, buildings, roads, sewers, medical and public health of the capital. It provided an underground sewer system in the whole area. All big, open nallas were covered as they were the breeding grounds of mosquitoes.
The Delhi Improvement Trust 1937. It was established In 1937. It undertook many schemes like town expansion, slum clearance and slum improvement scheme for the progress of Delhi.
The British made 'Civil Lines' in all major towns and cities as they wanted to keep themselves away from the native residences
Delhi Development Authority in 1955. After independence, the Government of India set - up Delhi Development Authority in 1955, which was empowered to prepare a master plan and zonal plans for housing, commercial centers, parks, playgrounds, etc., to develop and manage lands in Delhi .
Master Plan for Delhi provides a basic policy frame for guiding Delhi's development.
Delhi Development Authority in 1955. After independence, the Government of India set - up Delhi Development Authority in 1955, which was empowered to prepare a master plan and zonal plans for housing, commercial centers, parks, playgrounds, etc., to develop and manage lands in Delhi .
Master Plan for Delhi provides a basic policy frame for guiding Delhi's development.
Value Based Question
While watching the Republic Day celebration at the Rajpath on television, you were surprised to see well planned roads and buildings there. Then your grandfather told you that they were planned during British period.
1. Highlight some examples of town planning done by the British in Delhi.
2. How did this planning prove to be beneficial for the Indians?
3. According to you, what three precautions should be taken by citizens to ensure good condition roads.
Something To Do
1. Compare the activities of New Delhi Municipal Committee during British period and the present time in free India.
2. During your vacation, plan a trip to Delhi and visit the Rashtrapati Bhawan, Parliament House, Rajpath and areas around In your opnion, how far is this a British gift to the Indians?
3.Collect pictures, facts and other related information to establish that Delhi is indeed a heritage city.
Chapter 13
Colianialism and Urban Changes.
Colianialism and Urban Changes.
Addtional Questions Answers.
Q.1.How far were the British successful in influencing painting, literature and architecture of India?
Q.1.How far were the British successful in influencing painting, literature and architecture of India?
Answer-The art, architecture, painting, literature, poetry, drama, novels and even Indian religion and philosophy were greatly influenced by the western country.
Many English painters arrived here in search of princely patronage and to bless the rich British society.
Such paintings had themes of Indian royal courts, flora and fauna.
Indian painters also changed their selection of themes and medium of painting.The eminent Indian painters were Raja Ravi Verma.
Q.2. Discuss the historical background of Delhi before the development of New Delhi.
Answer-History of Delhi goes back to the times of Mahabharata when the Kauravas and the Pandavas fought for the city of Indraprastha (Delhi).
Delhi also saw the rise and fall of many empires like the Mauryans and the Mughals. In 1805, the British took over lands revenue and city administration of Delhi.They started acquiring more and more land for troops, churches, hospitals, residences, club etc. The cantonment occupied about one third of the area of the walled city.
In 1824 the era of Urban planning began in Delhi when a Town Duties Committee was set up by the British for the development of the cantonment, Khyber Pass the Ridge and the civil lines area.
In 1863, Delhi Municipal Committee was formed. Delhi Durbar of 1877 saw a lot of improvement like scheme for drainage water supply, irrigation, road construction and development of residential areas in Delhi.
The 1911, Delhi Durbar changed the look the city. Civil lines areas were set up.
Delhi also saw the rise and fall of many empires like the Mauryans and the Mughals. In 1805, the British took over lands revenue and city administration of Delhi.They started acquiring more and more land for troops, churches, hospitals, residences, club etc. The cantonment occupied about one third of the area of the walled city.
In 1824 the era of Urban planning began in Delhi when a Town Duties Committee was set up by the British for the development of the cantonment, Khyber Pass the Ridge and the civil lines area.
In 1863, Delhi Municipal Committee was formed. Delhi Durbar of 1877 saw a lot of improvement like scheme for drainage water supply, irrigation, road construction and development of residential areas in Delhi.
The 1911, Delhi Durbar changed the look the city. Civil lines areas were set up.
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