VIII.History.Chapter10.Colonialism Rural and Tribal Societies.

VIII. Chapter.10.S.St.History.
Colonialism : Rural and Tribal Societies

Topic-The East India Company.
Day1. Period 1.Page 112-113.
Glossary.VIII. Chapter.10.S.St.History.
Colonialism : Rural and Tribal Societies

Topic-The East India Company.
Day1. Period 1.Page 112-113.
Glossary.

Evict निकालना
Coercive बलपूर्वक  
Keywords.
Royt  a cultivator.
Mahal  a group of villages.
Rais  Feudals or thakurs, or zamindars
Dates
1793.  Zamindari System  introduced in Bengal.
1820.  Roytwari System bagan in South India. 
1822.  Mahalwari System in Gangetic Valley around 1822 started.
Persons
Lord Cornwallis  introduced the Zamindari System in Bengal,Bihar and Oddisa in 1793
Thomas Munaro introduced the Roywari System in 1820.Later it came into effect in Bombay area also,between the government and the ryots,
Holt Mackenzie started Mahalwari System in Gangetic Valley around 1822.
Understandings.Page112
You have already read in the previous chapter that the establishment of the East India

Company's rule in India was a long journey full of confrontations,struggles, battles, wars and diplomatic moves.The English came as traders and became our masters.Slowly, they conquered India from South to as and then headed towards the North.Gradually, they emerged as the supreme power in India.There was hardly any aspect of Indian economy which was not affected by the British.Unlike the earlier rulers and invaders, the English totally shattered the traditional self - sufficient rural economy the economic exploitation of India by the British ruined the peasantry, uprooted the tribals and destroyed Indian trade and handicrafts.
Cololonial Agrarian Policy and its impact Before the advent of the East India Company, the rural life in India was simple and self - sufficient the British brought many changes in the field of land revenue system, agriculture, trade, industry and administration to guard their own  interests.Therefore, the East India Company devised various methods to ensure the collection of revenue from Indian territories, annexed and controlled by them as the British empire expanded, the amount of revenue also increased.  So much so that land revenue became the biggest source of income for the company. At this stage, Land Revenue Settlements were introduced with an aim to legitimize the practice of economic exploitation therefore, the 
Zamindari Bandobast. under the Permanent Settlement was introduced in Bengal in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis.
Large parts of South and West India were put under the Ryotwari System whereas Punjab,North - West Provinces and Awadh came under Mahalwari System.
Let us study in brief about these Land Revenue Settlements.
Zamindari System (The Permanent Revenue System) Zamindari System was made a hereditary right of the zamindars under the Permanent Settlemet or the Zamindari Bandobast in 1793.
They were made the owners of the land and were forced to pay 89% of the total revenue to the  British government.Their own share was 11%.
Result of the Permanent Settlement.
a.The system gave birth to a new class of landlords consisting of the raias and taluqdars called to Zamindars who had the power to evict निकालना any cultivator of the soil due to non-payment of revenue such, they used oppressive methods to collect the taxes.
b.The peasants were compelled to take loan from the moneylenders to pay unpaid rent, which made their life miserable.
c.On the other hand maximum benefit went to the zamindars.
Understandings Page no 113.

As the company could not claim on the increased income of zamindars as they had fixed it permanantely,they decided not to implement this system in the newly conquered territories.
Do You Know? Under the Ryotwari System, the tax was not based on produce.
The ryots were forced to pay revenue even when there established a direct settlement were no crops due to floods, droughts or any other natural calamity
Ryotwari System This system of land revenue was introduced in South India by Thomas Munaro in 1820.Later it came into effect in Bombay area also,between the government and the ryots,i.e.the cultivators.The revenue was directly collected from the cultivator and it was quite high.  
Mahalwari System The Mahalwari System was a modified version of Zamindari System introduced by Holt Mackenzie,it was introduced in 1822 in Gangetic Valley, North - West provinces,Central India and Punjab.
In this system, a collective settlement was made with a group of villages called mahal.
Since the land, the forests and the pastures belonged to the village community, the villages were jointly responsible for the payment of land revenue.It was levied on the produce of a mahal.  
The Mahalwari System proved to be a curse for the peasants in the form of impoverishment, eviction from land and exploitation at the hands of the moneylenders.
The widespread resentment among the farmers of North India between 1830 to 1840 was one of the causes of the Revolt of 1857.  
Growth of  Commercial Crops 
With strong footholds in South India, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, the East India Company wanted to collect maximum taxes to meet their military and administrative expenses.They also wanted to gain maximum profit.So, the company started using coercive बलपूर्वक  methods to procure goods which were in great demand in Europe.
The agricultural raw material was purchased at very low rates and sent to England.The finished goods were brought back to India and sold at high price to earn more profits.
Introduction of cash crops The Company forced the farmers to grow cash crops like indigo, cotton, opium, pepper, tea sugarcane, etc.,and compelled them to raise silkworm for the production of raw silk.
Selling opium in China The Britishers wanted to smuggle and sell opium to China so that they could earn huge profits alike, indigo, called neel in Hindi, was in great demand in the textile industries of Britain.
The peasants were forced to cultivate indigo plants to extract blue dye.They led miserable life as fetched very low prices of indigo.

Home Assignment.
a.Attempt the inside Questions/Answers 
b.Understand by your own.

c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.

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VIII.Chapter10.S.St.History.
Colonialism:Rural and Tribal Societies
Topic-The East India Company.
Day2.Period 2.Page 114-115.
Keywords
Pepper मिर्च 
Jaggery गुड़ 
Opium अफीम
Terms
Blue Rebel  Revolt of indigo planter.
Dates
1857  The Sepoy Mutiny
1859  Revolt of indigo planter.
1918  Kheda Satyagrah
1920  The Oudh Kisan Sabha was formed under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru in 
1927  Bardoli Satyagrah
Unerstandings.Page 114
The rising demand of sugar in the West, attracted many Europeans to set - up sugar plantations in India.The farmers, who produced gur (jaggery) for local requirement, were now forced to produce thickened sugarcane juice for the sugar factories and sell their produce at a very low price.The British industries flourished at the cost of Indian industries Here are some Commerical Crops and the Places where they were Cultivated.  
Commercial Crops Name Places They were cultivated.

Indigo,Cotton,Opium.

Opium अफीम Bengal, Bihar and Punjab 
Indigo Bihar and Bengal 
Cotton Gujarat,Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh 
Tea Assam, West Bengal and South India 
Pepper मिर्च  Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Pondicherry (now Puducherry)  
Sugarcane Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana Page 114
Understandings Page 115

Condition of the farmers 
Already suffering from natural calamities like flood, drought and famine,Indian farmers were further over burdened with high taxes, repayment of loans, debts and high rate of interest.They were leading a life of misery, poverty and frustration.As a result, many peasants, who failed to pay the land revenue, lost their land and became landless labourers.They were forced to work at very low wages.  
Revolts by Farmers causes 
Whenever atrocities, repression and exploitation reached beyond a certain limit, there was a mass outburst in the form of revolt or rebellion.There was a long list of critical meted out to the farmers at various times during the British rule.Some of these were as follows: 
a.Land Revenue Settlements and their administration.  
b.Economic exploitation, especially, of the rural masses.  
c.Long standing loans and indebtedness.  
d.Eviction of peasants from land led them to become landless labourers.  
These causes resulted in revolts, outbreaks and rebellions even before the First War of Independence in 1857. It was only in 1930 that the organization of Kisan Sabhas started supporting the cause of the peasants.  .  . 
 Do you know?
a.The Ryots of Bengal refused to grow indigo and a rebellion broke out in 1859 known as Blue Rebel 
b.Moplahs of South India revolted against the increasing burden of taxation in 1860s and 1870s.  
c.The Deccan riots turned violent in 1875 due to rural indebtedness.  
d.The Peasant Movement of Champaran in north - west Bihar started in 1860 and went on till 1920s.The peasants opposed cultivation of indigo and high taxes.  
d.Pratapgarh, Rae Bareli, Sultanpur and Faizabad in Uttar Pradesh witnessed opposition by the farmers against high revenue.  
e.The Oudh Kisan Sabha was formed under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1920.  
f.Increase in revenue was opposed by farmers of Tanjore in 1923-24.  
g.The first Ryots Association was organized by N.G.Ranga in 1923.The Kisan movement in Uttar Pradesh demanded the abolition of Zamindari system.  
h.In 1927 at Bardoli, Sardar Patel opposed the increase in revenue by the Bombay Presidency.Satyagraha forced the government to revise the revenue.  
i.The peasants of Kheda opposed the revenue rise.
Home Assignment

a.the inside Questions/Answers 
b.Understand by your own.

c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.

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VIII.Chapter10.S.St.History.
Colonialism:Rural and Tribal Societies
Topic-The East India Company.
Day3. Period 3. Page 116-117.
Keywords
Terms 
Persons 
Bar Manik 
Tirut Singh
Understandings Page 116
Colonialism and Tribal Societies

Tribal and their forest.The profitable exploitation of peasants made the British greedier.Their next target was the tribal  of India who lived in deep forests and led a life of self - sufficiency.Their traditional economy was built around forests.They firmly believed that the forests belonged to them and they belonged to the forest 
Most tribals like the Khonds of Orissa practiced shifting cultivation.Many tribal groups like Van Gujjars of the Himalayas (J & K), Gaddis of Kullu (HP), etc.,lived by herding and rearing of animals 
Amongst the Mundas of Chotanagpur,the land belonged to the clan as a whole and all members had equal rights on the land.  
Impact on the Tribal Life 
The Chief lost Power Almost every tribe had a tribal chief.But under the British rule, the chiefs lost all power and were forced to follow the laws made by the British officers in India.But the Britishers did not want shifting cultivation because it was difficult to control the movement of tribals.But the tribals wanted to continue shifting cultivation.
Forest laws The changes made in the forest laws by the British made the tribal life very difficult.Most of the forests were declared as the state property, especially, the reserved forests which produced timber, many tribals had to move to other areas in search of livelihood.This created a shortage of labourers to cut trees for the railway sleepers and to transport logs.  
Advantages of Money Lenders During the nineteenth century, when the demand for the forest produce increased, the traders and the moneylenders took advantage of the situation.They went to the tribals and offered them cash loans.They also asked them to work for wages.It led to further misery of tribals.  
Condition of Santhals Let us take the case of the Santhals of Hazaribagh (Jharkhand & West Bengal),who reared silkworms for the production of cocoons. When the demand for Indian silk increased, efforts were made to encourage silk production.The traders, their agents and many middlemen approached the growers.They gave them cash loans and collected cocoons from them.You will be surprised to know that they just paid Rupees 3 for 1000 cocoons and then sold them at five times more.  When the tribal groups came to know of the reality, they were shocked and started considering the traders as their enemy.  
Many tribals had to leave their forest homes in search of work. A large number of them were recruited through contractors to work in the tea plantations in far off areas of Assam.They were paid low wages and were not allowed to go back home.The plight of the coal mine workers was no less miserable.Many tribals were also recruited in factories and fields to work under very harsh conditions.

Tribal revolt .Page No 117.

  
Tribal Revolts 
The commercialization of agriculture and exploitation of forest wealth made many tribals arts of India homeless and jobless.The unjust policies of the British resulted in rebellions by tribals in different 
Revolt by the Khasis,who lived in the Khasi hills of north - west Assam, took place in 1829. The connstruction of a road through their land united many Khasi chiefs against the English under the ladership of Bar Manik and Tirut Singh.But the British suppressed their rebellion brutally.

Page 117 Tribal Revolt map is there.Page 117.
Home Assignment.
a.Do Questions/Answers 
b.Understand by your own.

c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.

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VIII.Chapter 10.S.St.History.
Colonialism :Rural and Tribal Societies
Topic-The East India Company.
Day 4.Period 4.Page 118-119.
Keywords.
Persons.
Birsa Munda.
Sidhu and Kanhu. 
Terms. 
Understandings.Page 118
Do you know?  
The Kharwar rebellion of 1870,revolt by Kacha Nagas in 1882,revolt by Santhals of north - west Assam and Kukis of Manipur in the year 1917,targeted the British,but they all failed miserably 
The Kukis of hilly regions of Manipur continued attacking the British  territories from 1829. Cup they were forced to surrender in 1850.
The Khonds of Khondmals (near Orissa) revolted against the British in 1846 due to the fearer being annexed. But they could not stand before the might of Britishers. 
The Santhals found themselves quite helpless against the ruthless exploitation and oppression of the traders and the  middlemen.They were expecting the British government to safeguard their interests.When nothing was done, they revolted against the Britishers in 1855 to 1856 under the leadership of Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu. 
Mundas of Chotanagpur, joined by the Kolarian tribe of the same region,revolted in 1831. The struggle was suppressed by the British forces.But the exploitation by the merchants and the moneylenders continued.
Birsa Munda,In 1895,a young boy, emerged as hero of tribals.He urged them to continue to work on their own land to earn their living and not to move away.This would end all their sufferings, 
As the Birsa movement spread, the popularity of Birsa Munda also increased. He told  his people that land policies of the British were destroying their traditional land system.Birsa was jailed for two years but on his release, he instigated the tribals to attack zamindars.He raised the white flag as a symbol of Birsa Raj.This movement ended in Birsa Munda 1900 with the death of Birsa.  

Birsa Munda 

Do You Know?  
The name 'Munda' given to the community indicates the name of its leader.The Mundas called themselves ' Hodo Ko 'meaning' Human Beings. 
Effects of Colonialism on Crafts And Industries. 
With more and more parts of urban and rural India, coming under the rule of the East India Company, the exploitative character of the British rule was exposed.The Company's monopolisation of trade was getting stronger.Although, agriculture was the main occupation, there was no dearth.
Undersatndings.Page 119
of handicrafts,calico,muslin, wool and silk products.Metal works af iron,steel, copper, brass, gold and silver were also in great demand.In the seventeenth century, trade with European nations was in favor of India as we exported large quantities of fine cotton, silk fabrics, spices, indigo,drugs,precious stones and handicrafts.Unfortunately, the company's policy led to the

destruction of Indian crafts,cottage industries and artisanship.  
To safeguard the British cotton industry, Indian silk and cotton textiles were destroyed with imposition of very heavy duty on Indian goods promotion of British machine - made articles at cheaper rates, and decrease in the princely patronage.Changes in the British trade policy forced the Indian craftsmen and artisans to give up their traditional livelihood.No doubt, the Industrial Revolution (1760–1830) in Britain and other European countries was also responsible for de - industrialization of India.All these factors started the process of ruining the traditional handicrafts and the decline in the national income of India.  
Modern Industries in India.
The impact of our national movement for freedom and international developments opened the gates of modern industries in India.For example, tea became the biggest plantation industry in Assam, Bengal and South India.So much so that Indian tea topped the world market and England became its biggest buyer The other plantation industries were coffee, cinchona and rubber.  

Plantation Worker.

Industries like cotton, jute, iron and steel developed at a fast rate.For example, with the expansion of railways, the demand for coal, iron and steel increased.Plantation workers it was because of far - sightedness and determination of Jamshedji Tata that world class famous company like Tata Iron and Steel Company came up.With the passage of time, cement, chemical and sugar industries are also developed.  But we had to import machinery from abroad.It was only after independence that basic or key industries were given priority. Do You Know?  

Cinchona

Cinchona plants are trees or large shrubs with evergreen foliage which grows to 15-20 min height.This plant was introduced in India in 1859, they are found in the Nilgiri and Anamalai hills of Tamil Nadu and Darjeeling in West Bengal.It provides raw material for manufacturing quinine for malaria.
Home Assignment. 
a.Do Questions/Answers 
b.Understand by your own.
c.Learn them.d.Keep eyes over figures.

------------------------------------------------------------

Home Assignment
VIII.Chapter 10.S.St.History.
Colonialism :Rural and Tribal Societies
Topic-The East India Company.
Day5.Period 5.Page 120-121.
Keywords
Terms 
Understandings.Page 119.

a.Comparative Table of Various Land Reforms Revenue Systems Introduced by the East India Company in India 
Year Area Impact on the Peasants Revenue System Introduced by Meduced Provisions (terms / conditions) 
Permanent Revenue System 
Lord Cornwallis 1793 
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa- 
Zamindars were recognized as the owners of land. 
The amount was divided now  into two unequal parts.10/11 of the share belonged  to East India Company and  remaining 1/11 belonged to zamindars..
The cultivators,who till now  as the owners of land enjoyed some rights were now reduced to status of tenant on land.
The rules were very rigid as defaulters often lost claim over the land. 
Since the initial revenue demand by the British was very high, a number of zumindars were unable to pay it and as a result, they lost their land. 
Ryotwari System 
1820 
Thomas Munro South India 
The ownership rights were given to peasants and taxes were directly collected by the East India Company.
The revenue rates were 50% for dry lands and 60% for irrigated lands. 
It did not serve the interest of peasants  as they were exploited and oppressed.
The peasants could be deprived of their land if they failed to pay revenue in time.
The government also had the right to increase the rate of revenue at its own will.  1822 Mahalwari System. 
Holt Mackenzie 
Gangetic Valley.  North - West Province, Central India and Punjab.
Land was divided into Mahals.
Each Mahal comprised of one or more villages.

Village committees were responsible for tax collection.
The government demand was very high so it did not bring any benefit to the cultivators.  Page 120
Home Assignment 

a.Do Questions/Answers 
b.Understand by your own.
c.Learn them.d.Keep eyes over figures.