Chapter 14
The Nationalist Movement 1870 to 1947.
Home Assignmenta.Understand the contents by reading.b.
Chapter 14 The Nationalist Movement (1870 to 1947)
As we have studied that the Rule of East India Company ended with Queen Victoria's Proclamation of November 1, 1858, the power of governance now came into the hands of the British government n 1858. But the people of India, still did not have any say in the government or in the formulation of policies. The resentment surfaced in the form of different rebellions and later, later on gave rise to the birth of Indian National Movement.
Many political associations were formed to express the problems of Indians. But they were restricted to some parts of India.For example, in 1876, Surendranath Banerjee established the Indian Association in Calcutta.
Formation of Indian National Congress
The Indian National Congress was formed in December, 1885 by A. O. Hume, a retired British official. He was supported by 72 educated Indian delegates from different regions of the country. The first meeting of the Indian National Congress took place in Bombay under the Presidentship of W. C. Bonnerjee
Gradually, the Congress became the backbone of the National Movement (1885–1947).The early phase of the Congress was influenced by the leaders who were referred as Moderates (1885–1905). The Moderates had complete faith in the British.They adopted moderate ways to pursue their goals.
Photos of Allan Octavian Humne Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
Their main demands were to
have representative institutions in the whole country for the welfare of the people.
create Provincial Legislative Councils in all provinces.
recruit Indians for higher positions in the administration.
hold Civil Services Examination in India.
ensure the growth of Indian industries and handicrafts.
stop the drain of wealth to Britain.
end the exploitation of Indian resources and people. Page 157
Chapter 14 The Nationalist Movement (1870 to 1947)
As we have studied that the Rule of East India Company ended with Queen Victoria's Proclamation of November 1, 1858, the power of governance now came into the hands of the British government n 1858. But the people of India, still did not have any say in the government or in the formulation of policies. The resentment surfaced in the form of different rebellions and later, later on gave rise to the birth of Indian National Movement.
Many political associations were formed to express the problems of Indians. But they were restricted to some parts of India.For example, in 1876, Surendranath Banerjee established the Indian Association in Calcutta.
Formation of Indian National Congress
The Indian National Congress was formed in December, 1885 by A. O. Hume, a retired British official. He was supported by 72 educated Indian delegates from different regions of the country. The first meeting of the Indian National Congress took place in Bombay under the Presidentship of W. C. Bonnerjee
Gradually, the Congress became the backbone of the National Movement (1885–1947).The early phase of the Congress was influenced by the leaders who were referred as Moderates (1885–1905). The Moderates had complete faith in the British.They adopted moderate ways to pursue their goals.
Photos of Allan Octavian Humne Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
Their main demands were to
have representative institutions in the whole country for the welfare of the people.
create Provincial Legislative Councils in all provinces.
recruit Indians for higher positions in the administration.
hold Civil Services Examination in India.
ensure the growth of Indian industries and handicrafts.
stop the drain of wealth to Britain.
end the exploitation of Indian resources and people. Page 157
The prominent moderate leaders were Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendra Nath Pheroz Shah Mehta, Mahadev Govind Ranade, Badruddin Tayabji and others.
During that period, plague and famine killed thousands of Indians. The economic conditions Banerjee, were miserable. Young Indians, disgusted by the British callousness, were inspired by the common people of Ethopia, Japan and Russia, who rose against the oppressors. Aurobindo Ghosh, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal (Lal, Bal, Pal) emerged as new leaders and were known as Radicals.
They did not believe in appeals.They believed in actions - protests, hartals and slogans.They propagated Indian culture and Hinduism.
Do you know?
• The moderates believed in ideas rather than action. They followed a policy of 3P Prayer, Petition and Protest.The critics termed their policy as' political begging,
• Bankim Chandra Vande Matram was sung in 1886 for the first time.Chatterjee's song
Partitio of Bengal
In order to weaken the National Movement, the British attacked the Hindu - Muslim unity. Lord Curzon issued an order in July, 1905 to partition Bengal. Though the official reason given by Britishers was that it was difficult to govern and collect revenue from such a big province, but people know that the Britishers wanted to divide the Indians and rule, therefore, there were protests against the partition.
The day was observed as the Day of Mourning.The Swadeshi (of one's own country) Boycott and National Education were adopted as tools for achieving Swaraj by the radicals, Indians boycotted foreign goods and used only Indian goods. 'Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it! the slogan of Tilak gave impetus to the attainment of Swaraj meaning self - rule. Students played an important role in these movements by boycotting classes and picketing shops selling foreign goods Many women also joined processions and picketing.
Map of Bengal in 1904 Bengal from 1905-1911 .Page158
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During that period, plague and famine killed thousands of Indians. The economic conditions Banerjee, were miserable. Young Indians, disgusted by the British callousness, were inspired by the common people of Ethopia, Japan and Russia, who rose against the oppressors. Aurobindo Ghosh, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal (Lal, Bal, Pal) emerged as new leaders and were known as Radicals.
They did not believe in appeals.They believed in actions - protests, hartals and slogans.They propagated Indian culture and Hinduism.
Do you know?
• The moderates believed in ideas rather than action. They followed a policy of 3P Prayer, Petition and Protest.The critics termed their policy as' political begging,
• Bankim Chandra Vande Matram was sung in 1886 for the first time.Chatterjee's song
Partitio of Bengal
In order to weaken the National Movement, the British attacked the Hindu - Muslim unity. Lord Curzon issued an order in July, 1905 to partition Bengal. Though the official reason given by Britishers was that it was difficult to govern and collect revenue from such a big province, but people know that the Britishers wanted to divide the Indians and rule, therefore, there were protests against the partition.
The day was observed as the Day of Mourning.The Swadeshi (of one's own country) Boycott and National Education were adopted as tools for achieving Swaraj by the radicals, Indians boycotted foreign goods and used only Indian goods. 'Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it! the slogan of Tilak gave impetus to the attainment of Swaraj meaning self - rule. Students played an important role in these movements by boycotting classes and picketing shops selling foreign goods Many women also joined processions and picketing.
Map of Bengal in 1904 Bengal from 1905-1911 .Page158
Page 159
The radical group among the Congress encouraged:
love for swadeshi goods.
• Participation in mass rallies to boycott foreign goods
• boycott of government services, schools and colleges.
surrender of titles conferred by the British.
Swadeshi Movement spread from Bengal to Maharashtra and punjab. The government suppressed the movement. During this period, Dadabhai Naoroji presided over the Calcutta session of Congress in 1906. A call was given for attainment of 'Swaraje - self government.
The differences between the Moderates and Radicals came to head during the Surat session in 1907. There was a split in the party and the two groups parted ways. The Moderates were led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Pheroze Shah Mehta. The Radicals were referred to as the Extremists by the British. They were led by Lal, Bal and Pal. Photo of Dadabhai Naoroji
Do You Know?
Many Indian leaders and Indian supporters living abroad sought anti - British help from various countries. They collected and sent money and arms to Indian revolutionaries. Prominent among them were Lala Hardayal, Madam Bhikaji Cama, Sardar Sigh Rana, Bhai Paramanand, V.D.Savarkar, etc.
Formation of Muslim League.
The Britishers were practicing the policy of divide and rule to weaken the nationalist movement. They encouraged the Muslims to form a separate organization of their own. Muslim League was formed in 1906 by Aga Khan, the religious head of a Muslim sect and Nawab Salimulla of Dhaka.
Morley Minto Reforms.(1909)
The British Government announced Morley - Minto Reforms to pacify the Moderates. But the reforms did not pay any heed to the demand of Indians for Swaraj. Muslims were granted separate Page 159
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love for swadeshi goods.
• Participation in mass rallies to boycott foreign goods
• boycott of government services, schools and colleges.
surrender of titles conferred by the British.
Swadeshi Movement spread from Bengal to Maharashtra and punjab. The government suppressed the movement. During this period, Dadabhai Naoroji presided over the Calcutta session of Congress in 1906. A call was given for attainment of 'Swaraje - self government.
The differences between the Moderates and Radicals came to head during the Surat session in 1907. There was a split in the party and the two groups parted ways. The Moderates were led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Pheroze Shah Mehta. The Radicals were referred to as the Extremists by the British. They were led by Lal, Bal and Pal. Photo of Dadabhai Naoroji
Do You Know?
Many Indian leaders and Indian supporters living abroad sought anti - British help from various countries. They collected and sent money and arms to Indian revolutionaries. Prominent among them were Lala Hardayal, Madam Bhikaji Cama, Sardar Sigh Rana, Bhai Paramanand, V.D.Savarkar, etc.
Formation of Muslim League.
The Britishers were practicing the policy of divide and rule to weaken the nationalist movement. They encouraged the Muslims to form a separate organization of their own. Muslim League was formed in 1906 by Aga Khan, the religious head of a Muslim sect and Nawab Salimulla of Dhaka.
Morley Minto Reforms.(1909)
The British Government announced Morley - Minto Reforms to pacify the Moderates. But the reforms did not pay any heed to the demand of Indians for Swaraj. Muslims were granted separate Page 159
Page 160
electorate (representation). This reform was a further threat to the Hindu Muslim unity in the National Movement. The Moderates opposed it and the struggle for Swaraj became more intense.
Home Rule Lague
In 1916, an Irish lady, Mrs. Annie Besant established the Home Rule League in Madras and Bal Gangadhar Tilak established it in Maharashtra. The purpose of the League was to attain self - government. The British government tried to crush the movement but the agitation continued. Photo of Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Lucknow Pact of 1916
In 1916, the Moderates and Radicals reunited to strengthen the National Movement after ning years and signed a joint pact at Lucknow with the Muslim League. They jointly demanded self - rule for India.
Arrival of Mahtama Gandhi on the Indian Political Scene.
After the Frist World War (1914-18), Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi took over the leadership of the Congress. He introduced the technique of non-violent agitation, which was called Satyagraha demand for truth. It was a non - violent struggle against the British oppression. He propagated tolerance, brotherhood, non-violence (ahimsa) and simple living.
Do You Know? During Gandhiji's period, leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose also came to the forefront with demand of complete independence
Gandhiji realized that social reforms were necessary for a truly national struggle.He established Sabarmati Ashram in Gujarat where people of all castes and religions were db welcomed.His first movement was in support of peasants. It began in Champaran in Bihar the in 1917.He forced the British government to . increase the price of indigo for the benefit of peasants.By 1919,Gandhiji had become the most popular leader of India. He launched many powerful mass movements.
Montague Chemsford Rrform or Government of India Act 1919
The British paid no heed to the agitations for self - rule going on all over the country. They introduced another set of reforms to appease people.But the reforms were insignificant.The mumber of elected members was increased in Legislature Assembly and Council of States but there was no change in the location of power. The system of Dual Government - Dyarchy was introduced Page 160
Home Rule Lague
In 1916, an Irish lady, Mrs. Annie Besant established the Home Rule League in Madras and Bal Gangadhar Tilak established it in Maharashtra. The purpose of the League was to attain self - government. The British government tried to crush the movement but the agitation continued. Photo of Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Lucknow Pact of 1916
In 1916, the Moderates and Radicals reunited to strengthen the National Movement after ning years and signed a joint pact at Lucknow with the Muslim League. They jointly demanded self - rule for India.
Arrival of Mahtama Gandhi on the Indian Political Scene.
After the Frist World War (1914-18), Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi took over the leadership of the Congress. He introduced the technique of non-violent agitation, which was called Satyagraha demand for truth. It was a non - violent struggle against the British oppression. He propagated tolerance, brotherhood, non-violence (ahimsa) and simple living.
Do You Know? During Gandhiji's period, leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose also came to the forefront with demand of complete independence
Gandhiji realized that social reforms were necessary for a truly national struggle.He established Sabarmati Ashram in Gujarat where people of all castes and religions were db welcomed.His first movement was in support of peasants. It began in Champaran in Bihar the in 1917.He forced the British government to . increase the price of indigo for the benefit of peasants.By 1919,Gandhiji had become the most popular leader of India. He launched many powerful mass movements.
Montague Chemsford Rrform or Government of India Act 1919
The British paid no heed to the agitations for self - rule going on all over the country. They introduced another set of reforms to appease people.But the reforms were insignificant.The mumber of elected members was increased in Legislature Assembly and Council of States but there was no change in the location of power. The system of Dual Government - Dyarchy was introduced Page 160
Page 161
All important subjects, like finance and police were under the control of the Governor and the Indian ministers were given the charge of education and health.But the real power still remained with the British officials, Indians were very disappointed by the reforms.
Rowlatt Act of 1919
There was growing unrest among Indians and protests increased.The British government passed the Rowlatt Act to consolidate their control.It empowered the Government to arrest anyone without a warrant and imprison people without trial.This caused massive demonstrations and hartals across the country.
Do You Know?
Rowlatt Act was known as the Black Law as
all no arrested person was allowed to go for an Appeal, Dalil (argument) and Vakil (lawyer).
Jallianwala Bagh Masscare
On April 13, 1919,the people of Punjab gathered on the auspicious day of Baisakhi at Jallianwala Bagh near Golden Temple in Amritsar. When they were protesting peacefully against the arrest of two prominent congress leaders of Punjab - Dr. Satya Pal and Saiffudin Kitchlew, General Dyer ordered the British armed forces to open fire at the hundreds of innocent, unarmed men, women and children.
The massacre stunned the whole country. The Jallianwala Bagh Masscare government imposed martial law in Punjab. Under martial law, people were tortured, newspape were banned and mails were censored.
Do you know?
Turkey suffered injustice at the hands of the British after the First World War. Ali brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, started the Khilafat Movement against the British to undo the encountered against Muslims in Turkey. Later on, under the leadership of Gandhiji.
The Khilafat movement became a part of Non - Cooperation Movement.
The Non - Cooperation Movement (1920-22)
Mahatma Gandhi said, 'The British rule was established and survived in India with the coopera of Indians. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule would collapse and Swaraj would come.Page 161
Page 162.
Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920 ratified Gandhiji's call for Non - Cooperation not to cooperate with the government
Non - Cooperation was directed against the proposed done by the British in Punjab and Turkey It began with
• renouncing of titles and honors given by the British.
boycott of legislatures,
• boycott of schools and colleges by students and teachers.
Opening of Jamia Milia at Aligarh and Kashi Vidya Peeth at Benaras.
boycott of government offices and courts.
bonfires of foreign goods.
• hartals and strikes all over the country.
After 1919, the struggle against the British rule took the form of a mass movement which involved peasants, tribals, students, workers, traders, women, etc. The unity between Hindus and Muslims strengthened. When the Non - Cooperation movement was launched, people whole heartedly participated in it.
The Britishers retaliated by imprisoning all the important leaders of the movement accept Gandhiji.
Chauri Chaura
In 1922, the police fired upon a group of demonstrators, at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.The agitated mob set police station on fire and burnt 22 policemen alive. Gandhiji was shocked.He called off the Non - Cooperation movement as he felt that the movement had lost its non-violent character.Some leaders supported his decision but leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose opposed the withdrawal of the movement due to a violent incident. Motilal Nehru and Chittranjan Das formed the 'Swaraj Party' to enter the Legislative Councils and then destroy the British administration from inside. Inspite of single - handedly stopping the Non - Cooperation Movement, Gandhiji was arrested.
Though the Non - Cooperation movement was withdrawn prematurely, it was successful in bringing the entire country close and helped in giving a national character to the country's freedom struggle. Gandhiji continued to propagate khadi, Hindu - Muslim unity and eradication of untouchability.
Peasants and workers Movements.
The peasants and workers joined the freedom movement to oppose British exploitation and high taxes. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel took up the cause of peasants of Bardoli in Gujarat.
Simon Commisssion (1927)
The Simon Commission was sent to India to review the Government of India Act of 1919 and suggest further reforms to appease the Indians. Congress decided to oppose the Commission as it did not have even a single Indian representative. Page 162
Page 163
All important subjects, like finance and police were under the control of the Governor and the Indian ministers were given the charge of education and health.But the real power still remained with the British officials, Indians were very disappointed by the reforms.
Rowlatt Act of 1919
There was growing unrest among Indians and protests increased.The British government passed the Rowlatt Act to consolidate their control.It empowered the Government to arrest anyone without a warrant and imprison people without trial.This caused massive demonstrations and hartals across the country.
Do You Know?
Rowlatt Act was known as the Black Law as
all no arrested person was allowed to go for an Appeal, Dalil (argument) and Vakil (lawyer).
Jallianwala Bagh Masscare
On April 13, 1919,the people of Punjab gathered on the auspicious day of Baisakhi at Jallianwala Bagh near Golden Temple in Amritsar. When they were protesting peacefully against the arrest of two prominent congress leaders of Punjab - Dr. Satya Pal and Saiffudin Kitchlew, General Dyer ordered the British armed forces to open fire at the hundreds of innocent, unarmed men, women and children.
The massacre stunned the whole country. The Jallianwala Bagh Masscare government imposed martial law in Punjab. Under martial law, people were tortured, newspape were banned and mails were censored.
Do you know?
Turkey suffered injustice at the hands of the British after the First World War. Ali brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, started the Khilafat Movement against the British to undo the encountered against Muslims in Turkey. Later on, under the leadership of Gandhiji.
The Khilafat movement became a part of Non - Cooperation Movement.
The Non - Cooperation Movement (1920-22)
Mahatma Gandhi said, 'The British rule was established and survived in India with the coopera of Indians. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule would collapse and Swaraj would come.Page 161
Page 162.
Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920 ratified Gandhiji's call for Non - Cooperation not to cooperate with the government
Non - Cooperation was directed against the proposed done by the British in Punjab and Turkey It began with
• renouncing of titles and honors given by the British.
boycott of legislatures,
• boycott of schools and colleges by students and teachers.
Opening of Jamia Milia at Aligarh and Kashi Vidya Peeth at Benaras.
boycott of government offices and courts.
bonfires of foreign goods.
• hartals and strikes all over the country.
After 1919, the struggle against the British rule took the form of a mass movement which involved peasants, tribals, students, workers, traders, women, etc. The unity between Hindus and Muslims strengthened. When the Non - Cooperation movement was launched, people whole heartedly participated in it.
The Britishers retaliated by imprisoning all the important leaders of the movement accept Gandhiji.
Chauri Chaura
In 1922, the police fired upon a group of demonstrators, at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.The agitated mob set police station on fire and burnt 22 policemen alive. Gandhiji was shocked.He called off the Non - Cooperation movement as he felt that the movement had lost its non-violent character.Some leaders supported his decision but leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose opposed the withdrawal of the movement due to a violent incident. Motilal Nehru and Chittranjan Das formed the 'Swaraj Party' to enter the Legislative Councils and then destroy the British administration from inside. Inspite of single - handedly stopping the Non - Cooperation Movement, Gandhiji was arrested.
Though the Non - Cooperation movement was withdrawn prematurely, it was successful in bringing the entire country close and helped in giving a national character to the country's freedom struggle. Gandhiji continued to propagate khadi, Hindu - Muslim unity and eradication of untouchability.
Peasants and workers Movements.
The peasants and workers joined the freedom movement to oppose British exploitation and high taxes. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel took up the cause of peasants of Bardoli in Gujarat.
Simon Commisssion (1927)
The Simon Commission was sent to India to review the Government of India Act of 1919 and suggest further reforms to appease the Indians. Congress decided to oppose the Commission as it did not have even a single Indian representative. Page 162
Page 163
Wherever the Simon Commission went, it was boycotted by the Congress as well as the Muslim league with black flags.Lala Lajpat Rai was seriously injured while protesting in a police Lathi charge in Lahore.He later succumbed to his injuries.
Lahore Session(1929)
In December 1929, the Congress session was held on the bank of River Ravi in Lahore, with Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru as the President.The historic resolution of Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence was passed. At this session, it was decided to celebrate January 26, 1930 as the First Independence Day of India.
As per the resolution after the Lahore session in 1929, January 26 was celebrated as Independence Day every year.The Constitution of India was completed on vember 26, 1949 but was decided to adopt and enforce it on January 26, 1950 in the memory of Jaunary 26, 1930. According to the Constitution of India, since then, we celebrate January 26 as the Republic Day every year.
Some Important Sessions of Congress
Note: The places marked on the map are as per the current political divisions of India.] Page 163
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Lahore Session(1929)
In December 1929, the Congress session was held on the bank of River Ravi in Lahore, with Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru as the President.The historic resolution of Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence was passed. At this session, it was decided to celebrate January 26, 1930 as the First Independence Day of India.
As per the resolution after the Lahore session in 1929, January 26 was celebrated as Independence Day every year.The Constitution of India was completed on vember 26, 1949 but was decided to adopt and enforce it on January 26, 1950 in the memory of Jaunary 26, 1930. According to the Constitution of India, since then, we celebrate January 26 as the Republic Day every year.
Some Important Sessions of Congress
Note: The places marked on the map are as per the current political divisions of India.] Page 163
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CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (1930-34)
Salt is the basic requirement for every person. The British government had a monopoly on salt production and passed a law, banning manufacturing of salt by Indians so that the British could sell salt at high rates and the salt made in Liverpool in England would not face any competition, Starting Paint Sabarmati Ashram
So on March 12, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi began his Allah epic Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. That is Nadiad how the march came to be known as Dandi March. He was accompanied by 78 supporters. They made salt from sea water and broke the law.Route Map of Dandi March
Salt Satyagraha was an open challenge to the British and the Civil Disobedience spread all over the country. It became the second mass movement as schools, colleges and courts were boycotted, foreign goods were burnt; peasants refused to pay taxes and shops selling foreign goods were picketed. The movement was led by Abdul Gaffar Khan in North - West Frontier Province. He was popularly known as Frontier Gandhi.
The British Government tried to repress the movement and resorted to violence. Thousands of protestors were arrested along with Gandhiji and Jawaharlal Nehru. A strong feeling of patriotism spread to all parts of the country. A feeling of belonging to a nation united the people living in different parts of India Photo of Abdul Gaffar Khan
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Salt is the basic requirement for every person. The British government had a monopoly on salt production and passed a law, banning manufacturing of salt by Indians so that the British could sell salt at high rates and the salt made in Liverpool in England would not face any competition, Starting Paint Sabarmati Ashram
So on March 12, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi began his Allah epic Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. That is Nadiad how the march came to be known as Dandi March. He was accompanied by 78 supporters. They made salt from sea water and broke the law.Route Map of Dandi March
Salt Satyagraha was an open challenge to the British and the Civil Disobedience spread all over the country. It became the second mass movement as schools, colleges and courts were boycotted, foreign goods were burnt; peasants refused to pay taxes and shops selling foreign goods were picketed. The movement was led by Abdul Gaffar Khan in North - West Frontier Province. He was popularly known as Frontier Gandhi.
The British Government tried to repress the movement and resorted to violence. Thousands of protestors were arrested along with Gandhiji and Jawaharlal Nehru. A strong feeling of patriotism spread to all parts of the country. A feeling of belonging to a nation united the people living in different parts of India Photo of Abdul Gaffar Khan
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In 1930 and 1931, the government called two Round Table Conferences. But they did not e civil disobedience movement, which was later withdrawn in 1934.
Some Important Places Related to Nationalist Movement [Note: The places marked on the map are as per the current political divisions of India.
Revolutionary Movements for Indias Independence
The radical minded Indians were upset when the Non - Cooperation movement was withdrawn they decided to loot the government cash from a train for buying weapons.Many of them wer arrested and tried in the Kakori Conspiracy Case. Hindustani Socialist Republican Associatio was formed in Kanpur by Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad, Yogendr Shukla, etc. Kakori Train Robbery was a well - known act of bravery of this group. Page 165
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Some Important Places Related to Nationalist Movement [Note: The places marked on the map are as per the current political divisions of India.
Revolutionary Movements for Indias Independence
The radical minded Indians were upset when the Non - Cooperation movement was withdrawn they decided to loot the government cash from a train for buying weapons.Many of them wer arrested and tried in the Kakori Conspiracy Case. Hindustani Socialist Republican Associatio was formed in Kanpur by Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad, Yogendr Shukla, etc. Kakori Train Robbery was a well - known act of bravery of this group. Page 165
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Jugantar party, started by Aurbindo Ghose, planned an armed revolt against the British
• In Lahore (1928), Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru assassinated Police Commissioner, Sanders during the First World War who was responsible for Lala Lajpat Rai's death.
A bomb was thrown in the Central Legislative Assembly by Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Datt. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged to death in 1931 in Lahore.
Some other revolutionary groups were India House (Madan Lal Dingra), Gadar Party (Lala Har Dayal) and Berlin Party (Virendra Nath Chattopadhyaya).
National Martyrs Memorial, Firozpur
After the withdrawl of the Civil Disobedience Movement, Gandhiji withdrew from active politics. He started working for upliftment of Harijans.
Do you know? Dalits and other depressed classes formed associations to put forward their demands and grievances.
Government of India Act 1935
This Act introduced some more reforms to pacify Indians. The Head of the Central administration was the Governor - General. He continued to have the supreme power. The member of states of Federation had autonomy with respect to subjects delegated to them. The center continued to control defense, external affairs and railways. A Federal Court was established for provinces and Princely States.
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• In Lahore (1928), Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru assassinated Police Commissioner, Sanders during the First World War who was responsible for Lala Lajpat Rai's death.
A bomb was thrown in the Central Legislative Assembly by Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Datt. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged to death in 1931 in Lahore.
Some other revolutionary groups were India House (Madan Lal Dingra), Gadar Party (Lala Har Dayal) and Berlin Party (Virendra Nath Chattopadhyaya).
National Martyrs Memorial, Firozpur
After the withdrawl of the Civil Disobedience Movement, Gandhiji withdrew from active politics. He started working for upliftment of Harijans.
Do you know? Dalits and other depressed classes formed associations to put forward their demands and grievances.
Government of India Act 1935
This Act introduced some more reforms to pacify Indians. The Head of the Central administration was the Governor - General. He continued to have the supreme power. The member of states of Federation had autonomy with respect to subjects delegated to them. The center continued to control defense, external affairs and railways. A Federal Court was established for provinces and Princely States.
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Both Congress and Muslim League rejected the proposals, along with other parties and Second World War started in 1939. The British dragged India into the war to satisfy their own imperialist ambitions.Anti - British movement started in full swing.In 1942, the British Governmet sent the Cripps Mission under Sir Stafford Cripps to enlist total cooperation of Indian National Congress during the Second World War, but the mission failed as demands for complete independer and self - government after the war were rejected.
Let us now look at the Comparative Study of Various Reforms we have just studied.
Morley - Minto Reforms / Indian Councils Act (1909)
a.First true attempt at introducing a representative and popular element in India.
b.It introduced changes in the size and functions of the Councils at the Central as well as Provincial levels.
c.Separate electorate were granted to the Muslims.
Montague Chemsford Reform / Government of India Act (1919)
a.Diarchy was introduced at provincial level. Diarchy means a 'dual set of governments'.
b.The Government of India Act of 1919, made a provision for classification of the Central and Provincial subjects.
c.This Act made the Central Legislature bicameral.
d.The Act provided for the establishment of a Public Service Commission in India for the first time
Government of India Act (1935).
a. The grant of a large measure of autonomy to the province of British India and ending the Diarchy system introduced by the Government of India Act. 1919.
b.The introduction of direct elections.
c.Membership of the provincial assemblies was altered so as to include any number of elected Indian representatives, who were now able to secure majorit and be appointed to form governments. ,
d.The establishment of a Federal Court
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Quit India Movement.1942
Let us now look at the Comparative Study of Various Reforms we have just studied.
Morley - Minto Reforms / Indian Councils Act (1909)
a.First true attempt at introducing a representative and popular element in India.
b.It introduced changes in the size and functions of the Councils at the Central as well as Provincial levels.
c.Separate electorate were granted to the Muslims.
Montague Chemsford Reform / Government of India Act (1919)
a.Diarchy was introduced at provincial level. Diarchy means a 'dual set of governments'.
b.The Government of India Act of 1919, made a provision for classification of the Central and Provincial subjects.
c.This Act made the Central Legislature bicameral.
d.The Act provided for the establishment of a Public Service Commission in India for the first time
Government of India Act (1935).
a. The grant of a large measure of autonomy to the province of British India and ending the Diarchy system introduced by the Government of India Act. 1919.
b.The introduction of direct elections.
c.Membership of the provincial assemblies was altered so as to include any number of elected Indian representatives, who were now able to secure majorit and be appointed to form governments. ,
d.The establishment of a Federal Court
page 167
Page 168.
Quit India Movement.1942
Congress was banned, and the police and army were brought out to suppress the movement.But after the failure of the Cripps Mission, it became obvious that British Government would not grant freedom to India.
Gandhiji feared that Japan may attack the British possessions in India.Hence he wanted the British to leave India.
Gandhiji gave the final blow to the Britishers on August 8 1942 by launching the Quit India Movement.It was a civil disobedience movement in response te Gandhiji's call for immediate independence.
Within 24 hours, Gandhiji and all prominent Congres leaders were arrested. Gandhiji's mantra of Do or Die inspired thousands of people. The Britishere were infuriated. The police and army waged brutal terror on people.
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhash Chandra Bose emerged as the most prominent leader during this period. He was read to join hands with enemies of the British like Germany and Japan to get the British out of India.
'You give me blood and I will give you freedom' was the slogan of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. He disappeared from the British detention and went abroad to seek help for the cause India's independence.
Subhash Chandra Bose was handed over the Indian National Army tha had been initially organized by Mohan Singh. Bose re - organized it to overthrow the British from India. The officers of the Indian National Army hoisted the tricolor but they were arrested an tried.
Photos Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
Netaji Subash Chandra Bose inspecting the Indian National Arme
Towards Independence
The Second World War came to an end in 1945. Prime Minister Attlee of Labor Party came power in Britain. He was sympathetic towards the demand of Indian people for freedom cabinet mission was sent to India in March, 1946. It proposed the formation of an Interin Government and a Constituent Assembly. Muslim League refused to participate in the interim Government.Page 168
Page 169.
Gandhiji feared that Japan may attack the British possessions in India.Hence he wanted the British to leave India.
Gandhiji gave the final blow to the Britishers on August 8 1942 by launching the Quit India Movement.It was a civil disobedience movement in response te Gandhiji's call for immediate independence.
Within 24 hours, Gandhiji and all prominent Congres leaders were arrested. Gandhiji's mantra of Do or Die inspired thousands of people. The Britishere were infuriated. The police and army waged brutal terror on people.
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhash Chandra Bose emerged as the most prominent leader during this period. He was read to join hands with enemies of the British like Germany and Japan to get the British out of India.
'You give me blood and I will give you freedom' was the slogan of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. He disappeared from the British detention and went abroad to seek help for the cause India's independence.
Subhash Chandra Bose was handed over the Indian National Army tha had been initially organized by Mohan Singh. Bose re - organized it to overthrow the British from India. The officers of the Indian National Army hoisted the tricolor but they were arrested an tried.
Photos Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
Netaji Subash Chandra Bose inspecting the Indian National Arme
Towards Independence
The Second World War came to an end in 1945. Prime Minister Attlee of Labor Party came power in Britain. He was sympathetic towards the demand of Indian people for freedom cabinet mission was sent to India in March, 1946. It proposed the formation of an Interin Government and a Constituent Assembly. Muslim League refused to participate in the interim Government.Page 168
Page 169.
They demanded a separate state for Muslims (Pakistan).
Lord Mountbatten,then Viceroy of India, presented a plan for the division of India into India and Pakistan.
Gandhij and other Indian leaders did not approve of this plan, but had no choice but to accept the partition due to widespread riots in different parts of the country.
India After Partition and Independence in 1947
Keywords boycott: an act of refusing goods, institutions, laws or people, as a protest.
dominion status: autonomous community within the British Empire.
interim: the intervening time. massacre: an indiscriminate and brutal slaughter of many people.
petition: a formal written request appealing to an authority in respect of a particular cause.
renouncing: refusing to continue to recognize or abide by. Page 169
VIII.Chapter10.S.St.History.Lord Mountbatten,then Viceroy of India, presented a plan for the division of India into India and Pakistan.
Gandhij and other Indian leaders did not approve of this plan, but had no choice but to accept the partition due to widespread riots in different parts of the country.
India After Partition and Independence in 1947
Keywords boycott: an act of refusing goods, institutions, laws or people, as a protest.
dominion status: autonomous community within the British Empire.
interim: the intervening time. massacre: an indiscriminate and brutal slaughter of many people.
petition: a formal written request appealing to an authority in respect of a particular cause.
renouncing: refusing to continue to recognize or abide by. Page 169
Colonialism:Rural and Tribal Societies
Topic-The East India Company.
Day1.Period 1.Page112-113.
Keywords
Understandings.Page112
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