Chapter 5
The Age of Industrialisation.
Questions/Answers.
Glossary
1. ORIENT: The countries to the east of the Mediterranean usually refer to Asia.
2. Proto: Indicating the first or early form of something.
3. Stapler: A person who 'staples' or sorts wool according to its fiber.
4. Fuller: A person who fulls - gathers cloth by pleating.
5. Carding: The process in which fibers such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning 6. Spinning Jenny: Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, this machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labor demand. By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time.
7. Sepoy: An Indian solider in the service of the British.
8. Fly Shuttle: It is a mechanical device invented by John Key used for weaving, moved by means of ropes and pullies. The invention of the fly shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces of cloth.
9. Guild: An association of craftsmen or merchants following the same craft. These guilds protected the interests of the members and supervised quality of the product and work.
10. Vagrant: A person without a settled home or work.
11. Baurgeoisi: A term used to describe the upper middle class.
12. Gomasthas: Paid servant of the company to establish direct control over the weavers.
NCERT Textbook Exercise.
Write in Brief
Q. 1. Explain the following : (a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
(b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.
(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
Ans Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny because :
(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India
Ans.(a) (i) Many women in rural areas supplemented shrinking household income from cultivation by working on the spinning wheel,because.
(ii) They feared if the Spinning Jenny which was introduced in woollen manufacture, if generally adopted would lessen demand for manual labor. labor resources.
(iii) The Spinning Jenny they realized would displace fuller use of their family
(iv) Moreover the Spinning Jenny came at a time when already the cottagers and poor peasants were facing economic strain due to disappearance of open fields and enclosure of common lands. Many a women survived on hand spinning. Fear of unemployment made women attack the Spinning Jenny
(b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within villages because:
(i) Demands for goods began growing with the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world.
(ii) Despite of increased demands merchants could not expand production within towns, because urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful.
(iii) Trade guilds were associations of producers who had monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.
(iv) Guilds regulated competition and prices and restricted entry of new people into trade.
It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns.
(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century because:
(i) As European companies gradually gained power - first by securing concessions and then by monopoly rights to trade, and finally through political control, they began to export from the ports of Bombay and Calcutta in European ships.
(ii) Exports from Surat port fell dramatically. up and local bankers slowly went bankrupt. This resulted in the decline of port of Surat.
(iii) Rise of Bombay port was marked by decline of Surat port.
(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas' (ie, paid servant) to supervise weavers in India because:
(i) It wanted to ensure regular supply of fine Indian silk and cotton textiles that were in great demand in Europe.
(ii) Through the 'gomasthas' the company wanted to develop a system of management that would eliminate competition from existing traders and buyers (eg., Portuguese, Spanish, French and local traders) and assert monopoly rights to trade.
(iii) Through the 'gomasthas' the Company started a system of advances to the Indian weavers.The Company controlled costs and eliminated the bargaining power of the weaver, and established a more direct control over him.
The 'Gomasthas' supervised the weavers, collected supplies
Q. 2. Write true or false against each statement:
(a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce and Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.
(b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.
(c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India 128 over him quality of cloth.
(d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve the productivity
Ans. (a) False (b) True (c) False (d) True
Q. 3. Explain what is meant by proto - industrialisation?
Ans. Proto - industrialization refers to that phase of industrialisation when there is a large scale industrial production in England and Europe for an international market tet based on factories:
(i) During proto - industrialization in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a des relationship developed between the town and countryside. The merchant supplied money to artisans living in the countryside and persuaded them to produce forum expanding international market.
(ii) A merchant clothier purchased wool from a wool stapler, carried it to the spinner, the yarn was taken in stages to weavers, fullers and dyers. Finishing was done in London before export. During this time, London came to be known as a Finishing Center.
(iii) The proto - industrial system was thus a part of a network of commercial exchanges It was controlled by merchants and goods were produced not in factories but producers working within their family farms.
(iv) At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant each clothier was thus controlling hundreds of workers.
Discuss
Q. 1. Why did some industrialists in nineteenth - century Europe prefer hand labor over machines?
Ans. Some industrialists in nineteenth century Europe preferred hand labor over machines because:
(i) There was no shortage of human labor (e.g., as in America) as many peasants and vagrants moved to cities in large members in search of jobs. So industrialists had no compulsions of labor shortage or high wage costs. They did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labor and required large capital investment
(ii) In many industries e.g. , gas works, breweries, binding, printing etc.,demand far labor was seasonal. Thus in industries where production fluctuated with season, industries usually preferred hand labor, employing workers for the season.
(iii) Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardized goods for massive silk textiles from Indian weavers? 129 market. A range of products could be produced only with hand labor e.g. , intricate mechanical technology, designs, specific shapes, 500 styles of hammers. These required human skill not to symbolize exclusivity, refinement and class.
(iv) In Britain the upper classes preferred hand - made goods. Hand - made goods came w) Moreover, hand - made goods were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed. Machine made goods were for the colonies and commoners.
Q. 2. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and
Ans.(i)Once the East India Company took a series of steps to ensure regular supplies of cotton strengthened their hands. und silk textiles from Indian weavers. Acquisition of political power by the company Steps: (0) Once East India Company established political power it began to assert monopoly rights to trade thereby eleminating French, Dutch, Portuguese as well as local traders from competing in the market to secure woven cloth.
(ii) To achieve their aims the company proceeded to develop a system of management and establish a direct control over the weavers by appointing a paid servant called 'gomasthas' to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloth.
(iii) It tried to control costs and eliminate existing traders and brokers from dealing with company weavers by adopting a system of advances. Policy of advances lured the weaver and bound him to hand over the cloth to the gomasthas.
(iv) The new 'gomasthas' were outsiders, with no long - term social links with the village. Since they were paid servants they acted in the interest of the company, Any default on the part of the weaver was dealt with harshly, e.g. punished weavers for delays in supply by beating and flogging them. Thus through their agent 'new gomasthas' and system of monopoly advances and coercion the company ensured regular supplies of textiles.
Q. 3. Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopaedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.
Ans. Handle as Project Work Points of Reference:
(I) Inventions
Hargreaves 'Spinning Jenny', in 1764 which speeded up spinning work.
John Key little later invented the 'Flying shuttle' which speeded up weaving.
1769: Arkwright improved Hargreaves invention and adopted it in such a way that it could be run by water power. The new machine was called 'Water Frame.
1776: Crompton invented the' Mule 'which combined the advantages of both Hargreaves and Arkwrights inventions
1785: Cartwright invented the powerloom which used steam power for spinning and weaving
The Age of Industrialisation.
Questions/Answers.
Glossary
1. ORIENT: The countries to the east of the Mediterranean usually refer to Asia.
2. Proto: Indicating the first or early form of something.
3. Stapler: A person who 'staples' or sorts wool according to its fiber.
4. Fuller: A person who fulls - gathers cloth by pleating.
5. Carding: The process in which fibers such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning 6. Spinning Jenny: Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, this machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labor demand. By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time.
7. Sepoy: An Indian solider in the service of the British.
8. Fly Shuttle: It is a mechanical device invented by John Key used for weaving, moved by means of ropes and pullies. The invention of the fly shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces of cloth.
9. Guild: An association of craftsmen or merchants following the same craft. These guilds protected the interests of the members and supervised quality of the product and work.
10. Vagrant: A person without a settled home or work.
11. Baurgeoisi: A term used to describe the upper middle class.
12. Gomasthas: Paid servant of the company to establish direct control over the weavers.
NCERT Textbook Exercise.
Write in Brief
Q. 1. Explain the following : (a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
(b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.
(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
Ans Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny because :
(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India
Ans.(a) (i) Many women in rural areas supplemented shrinking household income from cultivation by working on the spinning wheel,because.
(ii) They feared if the Spinning Jenny which was introduced in woollen manufacture, if generally adopted would lessen demand for manual labor. labor resources.
(iii) The Spinning Jenny they realized would displace fuller use of their family
(iv) Moreover the Spinning Jenny came at a time when already the cottagers and poor peasants were facing economic strain due to disappearance of open fields and enclosure of common lands. Many a women survived on hand spinning. Fear of unemployment made women attack the Spinning Jenny
(b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within villages because:
(i) Demands for goods began growing with the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world.
(ii) Despite of increased demands merchants could not expand production within towns, because urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful.
(iii) Trade guilds were associations of producers who had monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.
(iv) Guilds regulated competition and prices and restricted entry of new people into trade.
It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns.
(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century because:
(i) As European companies gradually gained power - first by securing concessions and then by monopoly rights to trade, and finally through political control, they began to export from the ports of Bombay and Calcutta in European ships.
(ii) Exports from Surat port fell dramatically. up and local bankers slowly went bankrupt. This resulted in the decline of port of Surat.
(iii) Rise of Bombay port was marked by decline of Surat port.
(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas' (ie, paid servant) to supervise weavers in India because:
(i) It wanted to ensure regular supply of fine Indian silk and cotton textiles that were in great demand in Europe.
(ii) Through the 'gomasthas' the company wanted to develop a system of management that would eliminate competition from existing traders and buyers (eg., Portuguese, Spanish, French and local traders) and assert monopoly rights to trade.
(iii) Through the 'gomasthas' the Company started a system of advances to the Indian weavers.The Company controlled costs and eliminated the bargaining power of the weaver, and established a more direct control over him.
The 'Gomasthas' supervised the weavers, collected supplies
Q. 2. Write true or false against each statement:
(a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce and Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.
(b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.
(c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India 128 over him quality of cloth.
(d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve the productivity
Ans. (a) False (b) True (c) False (d) True
Q. 3. Explain what is meant by proto - industrialisation?
Ans. Proto - industrialization refers to that phase of industrialisation when there is a large scale industrial production in England and Europe for an international market tet based on factories:
(i) During proto - industrialization in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a des relationship developed between the town and countryside. The merchant supplied money to artisans living in the countryside and persuaded them to produce forum expanding international market.
(ii) A merchant clothier purchased wool from a wool stapler, carried it to the spinner, the yarn was taken in stages to weavers, fullers and dyers. Finishing was done in London before export. During this time, London came to be known as a Finishing Center.
(iii) The proto - industrial system was thus a part of a network of commercial exchanges It was controlled by merchants and goods were produced not in factories but producers working within their family farms.
(iv) At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant each clothier was thus controlling hundreds of workers.
Discuss
Q. 1. Why did some industrialists in nineteenth - century Europe prefer hand labor over machines?
Ans. Some industrialists in nineteenth century Europe preferred hand labor over machines because:
(i) There was no shortage of human labor (e.g., as in America) as many peasants and vagrants moved to cities in large members in search of jobs. So industrialists had no compulsions of labor shortage or high wage costs. They did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labor and required large capital investment
(ii) In many industries e.g. , gas works, breweries, binding, printing etc.,demand far labor was seasonal. Thus in industries where production fluctuated with season, industries usually preferred hand labor, employing workers for the season.
(iii) Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardized goods for massive silk textiles from Indian weavers? 129 market. A range of products could be produced only with hand labor e.g. , intricate mechanical technology, designs, specific shapes, 500 styles of hammers. These required human skill not to symbolize exclusivity, refinement and class.
(iv) In Britain the upper classes preferred hand - made goods. Hand - made goods came w) Moreover, hand - made goods were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed. Machine made goods were for the colonies and commoners.
Q. 2. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and
Ans.(i)Once the East India Company took a series of steps to ensure regular supplies of cotton strengthened their hands. und silk textiles from Indian weavers. Acquisition of political power by the company Steps: (0) Once East India Company established political power it began to assert monopoly rights to trade thereby eleminating French, Dutch, Portuguese as well as local traders from competing in the market to secure woven cloth.
(ii) To achieve their aims the company proceeded to develop a system of management and establish a direct control over the weavers by appointing a paid servant called 'gomasthas' to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality of cloth.
(iii) It tried to control costs and eliminate existing traders and brokers from dealing with company weavers by adopting a system of advances. Policy of advances lured the weaver and bound him to hand over the cloth to the gomasthas.
(iv) The new 'gomasthas' were outsiders, with no long - term social links with the village. Since they were paid servants they acted in the interest of the company, Any default on the part of the weaver was dealt with harshly, e.g. punished weavers for delays in supply by beating and flogging them. Thus through their agent 'new gomasthas' and system of monopoly advances and coercion the company ensured regular supplies of textiles.
Q. 3. Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopaedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.
Ans. Handle as Project Work Points of Reference:
(I) Inventions
Hargreaves 'Spinning Jenny', in 1764 which speeded up spinning work.
John Key little later invented the 'Flying shuttle' which speeded up weaving.
1769: Arkwright improved Hargreaves invention and adopted it in such a way that it could be run by water power. The new machine was called 'Water Frame.
1776: Crompton invented the' Mule 'which combined the advantages of both Hargreaves and Arkwrights inventions
1785: Cartwright invented the powerloom which used steam power for spinning and weaving
1793: Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Jin Some Hints:
the problem of separating seeds from the cotton fiber, a very
troublesome time consuming and labor - intensive process was solved by the American inventor.The machine could separate seeds from cotton 300 times faster
than hand.
Link between History of Cotton and Textile Industry. -
Indian Cotton textile exports.
East India Company / Gomasthas.
Cotton Industry / new Era / 1st phase of industrialisation,
Inventions.
Raw cotton / America.
Manchester mills / pressure groupe.
Civil War / disruption / India reduced to exporter of raw cotton.
Condition of labor / employment.
World War 1 / Decline of British as economic power / effect on Manchester cotton mills. - National movement / Swadesh / Boycott / Gandhi / Khadi ete.
Q. 4. Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?
Ans. Prior to World War I industrial growth in India was slow, due to the stringent policies of the colonial power dictated by British industrial interests. The War dramatically changed the situation.
(i)With British mills geared to war production, Manchester imports to India declined, whereby Indian mills had access to the home market.
(ii) As war prolonged Indian factories were called upon to supply British war needs. Eg, jute bags, cloth for uniforms , tents, leather boots and host of other items. This gave a much needed impetus to the growth and development of Indian industries. New factories were set up and old ones worked multiple shifts. Over the years industrial production boomed and many new workers gained employment
(iii) after the war Manchester could never, capture its old position in the Indian market as economy of Britain crumbled due to war and growing competition from US, Germany and Japan. While cotton production and cotton cloth exports from Britain "fell dramatically, Indian industrialists gradually consolidated their position substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.
III. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Q. 1. Cite one way in which new consumers are created? Ans. New consumers are created by advertisements.
Link between History of Cotton and Textile Industry. -
Indian Cotton textile exports.
East India Company / Gomasthas.
Cotton Industry / new Era / 1st phase of industrialisation,
Inventions.
Raw cotton / America.
Manchester mills / pressure groupe.
Civil War / disruption / India reduced to exporter of raw cotton.
Condition of labor / employment.
World War 1 / Decline of British as economic power / effect on Manchester cotton mills. - National movement / Swadesh / Boycott / Gandhi / Khadi ete.
Q. 4. Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?
Ans. Prior to World War I industrial growth in India was slow, due to the stringent policies of the colonial power dictated by British industrial interests. The War dramatically changed the situation.
(i)With British mills geared to war production, Manchester imports to India declined, whereby Indian mills had access to the home market.
(ii) As war prolonged Indian factories were called upon to supply British war needs. Eg, jute bags, cloth for uniforms , tents, leather boots and host of other items. This gave a much needed impetus to the growth and development of Indian industries. New factories were set up and old ones worked multiple shifts. Over the years industrial production boomed and many new workers gained employment
(iii) after the war Manchester could never, capture its old position in the Indian market as economy of Britain crumbled due to war and growing competition from US, Germany and Japan. While cotton production and cotton cloth exports from Britain "fell dramatically, Indian industrialists gradually consolidated their position substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.
III. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Q. 1. Cite one way in which new consumers are created? Ans. New consumers are created by advertisements.
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